Intellectuar Property Rights in China :: Laws Technology Piracy Essays

Intellectuar Property Rights in China In recent years, the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in China has received bulky international attention. Over the past several decades, China has work slowly but steadily toward better intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. China has strengthened its good framework and revise its IPR laws numerous times to extend the scope of protection. Currently, China IPR laws are well in line with the global IPR standards. For the rest of this paper, I would perish a brief history of IPR laws, Chinafs efforts toward enforcing its IPR laws, the ethical analysis of piracy, and the solution to help reduce piracy.Software Piracy According to Business Software Alliance, some 94% of all the software currently used in China is illegally copy. This represent a three percent increased from 1991.1 Software piracy is halcyon in countries such as China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam. Software piracy rate is escalated thus robbing the global marketplace of hundreds of thousands of jobs and one thousand millions in wages and tax revenue. It is estimated that piracy had caused about $11.8 billion losses worldwide.2 In addition, software piracy may become a barrier to innovation and product development around the world because piracy decreases the incentives and motivations for companies to investigate and develop new products.History of Chinafs IPR laws Since 1978, China has gradually improved its efforts toward protecting the IPR laws. Part of the improvement in IPR protection is due to the tremendous amount of twitch that the United States and other developing companies put on the Chinese government forcing it to comply with the global IPR standards. China has joined many international IPR conventions/organizations such as World Intellectual Property Organization, Paris Convention for the Protection of Intellectual Property, and Universal Copyright Convention.3 By joining these conven tions/organizations, China hopes to learn more about IPR laws, and thus able to incorporate them into its own IPR laws. Between 1980-1995, China has also passed patent, copyright, trademark laws, and computer software regulations, and unfair competition law. Some of these laws have been amended several times to extend the scope of protection. Recently, China successfully entered into the World Trade Organization (WTO). Its entry into the WTO showed that China is seriously committed to the protection of IPR because at present China needs to strengthen its legal framework and amended its IPR laws to comply with the WTO Agreement on Traded-Related Aspect of Intellectual

Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Essay -- Tender Is the

Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgeralds LifeAway Away for I will fly to thee,Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,But on the viewless wings of PoesyThough the dull brain perplexes and retardsAlready with thee Tender is the shadow-From Ode to a Nightingale by John Keats Charles Scribner III in his introduction to the work remarks that the title evokes the transient, bittersweet, and ultimately tragic nature of Fitzgeralds Romance (as he had originally subtitled the book) (Fitzgerald ix). Tender Is the Night parallels Fitzgeralds own struggles with his mentally ill Zelda, and the characters are carefully constructed from his interactions with the social elite of artists, composers and Hollywood personas on the French Riviera and Rome, among opposite settings. From the fall of 1925 to the spring of 1934, Fitzgerald revised his fourth fabrication 17 times before it was publishedhe was still revising it when he died in 1940. everywhere those years he contin ually promised Perkins the novel, but had to delay collect to his incessant creative manipulation and extenuating personal circumstances. When he began work on the novel in 1925, he was battling debt and a severe drinking problem. His intellect for his fourth novel centered around matricide and a movie director named Francis Mularky. In this version, the admirer Mularky befriends an drive out group and then mentally falls apart, later killing his mother. The inspiration for this character, according to Bruccoli, came from two of Fitzgeralds friends Theodore Chanler, a composer that shared in the over-indulgent expatriate life with F. Scott and the couples, the Murphys and the MacLeishes, and then abruptly dec... ...ultiple sanitariums and found himself attracted to a issue actress, Lois Moran. The novel is a chronicle of the unraveling of a character that eerily foreshadows Gatsbys own unraveling from a drinking problem, an ailing wife and fading professional success. works CitedBruccoli, Matthew J. A Brief Life of Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with assistance of Judith Baughman. New York Scribners, 1994.Online http//www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/biography.htmlBruccoli, Matthew J. The opus of Tender Is the Night. Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh, 1963.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York Scribner, 1933. 1982 ed.Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night The abject Universe. New York Twayne, 1994. Other SourcesBooks and Works. Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgeralds Life Essay -- Tender Is theTender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgeralds LifeAway Away for I will fly to thee,Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,But on the viewless wings of PoesyThough the dull brain perplexes and retardsAlready with thee Tender is the night-From Ode to a Nightingale by John Keats Charles Scribner III in his introduction to the work remarks that the title evokes the transient, bittersweet, a nd ultimately tragic nature of Fitzgeralds Romance (as he had originally subtitled the book) (Fitzgerald ix). Tender Is the Night parallels Fitzgeralds own struggles with his mentally ill Zelda, and the characters are carefully constructed from his interactions with the social elite of artists, composers and Hollywood personas on the French Riviera and Rome, among other settings. From the fall of 1925 to the spring of 1934, Fitzgerald revised his fourth novel seventeen times before it was publishedhe was still revising it when he died in 1940. Over those years he continually promised Perkins the novel, but had to delay due to his incessant creative manipulation and extenuating personal circumstances. When he began work on the novel in 1925, he was battling debt and a severe drinking problem. His idea for his fourth novel centered around matricide and a movie director named Francis Mularky. In this version, the protagonist Mularky befriends an expatriate group and then men tally falls apart, subsequently killing his mother. The inspiration for this character, according to Bruccoli, came from two of Fitzgeralds friends Theodore Chanler, a composer that shared in the over-indulgent expatriate life with F. Scott and the couples, the Murphys and the MacLeishes, and then abruptly dec... ...ultiple sanitariums and found himself attracted to a young actress, Lois Moran. The novel is a chronicle of the unraveling of a character that eerily foreshadows Gatsbys own unraveling from a drinking problem, an ailing wife and fading professional success. Works CitedBruccoli, Matthew J. A Brief Life of Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with assistance of Judith Baughman. New York Scribners, 1994.Online http//www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/biography.htmlBruccoli, Matthew J. The Composition of Tender Is the Night. Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh, 1963.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York Scribner, 1933. 1982 ed.Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night The Broken Universe. New York Twayne, 1994. Other SourcesBooks and Works.

Comparing Existentialism in The Trial and Nausea :: comparison compare contrast essays

existentialist philosophy in The Trial and Nausea The Trial and Nausea Websters Dictionary defines existentialist philosophy as a "philosophic doctrine of beliefs that people have absolute freedom of pick and that the universe is absurd, with an emphasis on the phenomena of anxiety and alienation." As Existentialism was coming to the foreground of the philosophical world during the 1940s, a group of Existentialist philosophers became well-known public figures in America. Their philosophies were commonly discussed in magazines, and their concepts of mans ultimate freedom of choice were quite intriguing to readers. Two philosophers who embodied this set of beliefs were Jean-Paul Sartre and Franz Kafka. These men displayed their beliefs mostly through novels. Sartre wrote Nausea, the story of a mans struggle to find meaning in a world in which most everything gives him a paralyzing sense of sickness. Kafka relayed his thoughts through Joseph K., a man who has been put on trial without being given any tuition about what hes done. The outcomes of Kafkas The Trial and Sartres Nausea are two examples of the effects on a man who questions his existence. The main focus of Nausea is Antoine Roquentins experience with what he describes as the "Nausea." The overwhelming absurdity of his everyday experiences create this sickness. Roquentins first experience with this sickness is described when he reaches down to pick up a slip of composing "Objects should not touch because they are not alive. You use them, put them back in place, you live among them they are useful, nothing more. But they touch me, it is unbearable. I am afraid of being in contact with them as though they were living beasts" (Sartre 10). The consideration "Nausea" has since become common when the subject of Existentialism is brought up. It is an excellent term to describe the sudden realization that things are not as one had previously perceived them to be and t hat there is great weight in the effect of existence. Roquentins battle with his own mind to find meaning in life has become one of the most effective manifestations of Existentialist thought in literature. along with the writings of Albert Camus and Samuel Beckett, Sartres writings are among the most highly regarded of the Existentialist works. Franz Kafka wrote a novel which evaluates a similar state of mind. The Trial deals with a much diametrical situation, in which a mans freedom, and possibly even his life, literally hangs in the balance.

Southern Cyprus :: history

Southern CyprusSouthern Cyprus as Terrorist State The most insidious and nefarious partner of terrorism against Turkey is Southern Cyprus. I will not deal in this work with the EOKA murders directed at the British and the Turkish Cypriots perpetrated by the Southern Cypriots melodic line for the union of the island with Greece, how the Southern Cypriots accommodated the Armenian ASALA organization, and got them to kill the Turkish diplomats. Here I will only disclose the relations of the Southern Cypriot administration with the Marxist-Leninist Maoist terrorist organization PKK. The reason why the rulers of Southern Cyprus embraced the ASALA and the PKK for 20 years is the hatred of Makarios for the Turkish State and the nation. The fact that same feelings are carried by Karamanlis Papandreou and correspondent Greek politicians has seriously endangered the security of the region. In the years following 1974, while the then Greek Prime Minister Karamanlis thoughtlessly and promptly withdrawing. Greece from the soldiers wing of the NATO, Makarios, following a parallel path, was turning Cyprus into a communist fanny. The policy followed by Karamanlis and Papandreou was the intimidation of the West. Moscow, striving to penetrate into the Eastern Mediterranean and to cause a collapse in the Western Alliance, had sent the agents of all the communist bloc to Southern Cyprus. What made Southern Cyprus an international terrorism base is that policy. The number of so called Soviet, Polish, Czech, and Bulgarian technicians based in Southern Cyprus in 1976 was more than 1000. When 250 Cubans traveling between Syria and Southern Cyprus were added, that number was approaching to 1500. The militants of the extreme core Eastern Terrorist organizations was not ixicluded in that calculation. The one who prepared the ground for the operation of ending the influence of NATO in the Eastern Mediterranean was Vassos Lissarides, the Marxist advisor of Makarios. Lissarides, the u nwrap of the socialist EDEK Party, is the person the ASALA before 1985, and the PKK today, on to the island, who brought to attack Turkish targets. Lissarides, in speeches he made in the anti-Turkey meetings held in Athens and Paris in 1976 had explicitly said that they were preparing a new VietNam style War in order to expel the Turks from the island. Lissarides played his own game for 40 years on the island and continues to do so. In this period, his connection with certain people has aroused the attention of intelligence organizations.

Winter Essay -- Creative Writing Essays

I pressed my face up against the glass window, my dampish breath causing it to fog up. I watched the boys dark silhouette parapraxis positions slightly, as he leaned back against the deteriorating stonewall, and buried his head in his hands. Tendrils of dark bronze hair assisted in the covering of his face, making it redden more than impossible to see what he might look like.He didnt know I was here, quietly watching him. Hell, he didnt even know I existed.I squinted, straining my vision, hoping I could maybe see his face in order to pose a visual picture of him. But I couldnt. The nighttime surroundings only helped him remain anonymous. Yet, even without being able to clearly see him, I was slowly being overwhelmed by a very strange tone of voice - that I had to leave. Now.And as if hed planned it, the boys head snapped up, and his eyes immediately met mine. They were a shockingly bright turquoise, and in them was an unknown emotion so overpowering that I actually gasped and s tumbled backwards. My heart was pounding so loudly that all other fray seemed to fade away. -What is that, Winter? Tyler inquired, pointing to the new diamond stud in the lieu of my nose.A nose piercing, I replied irritably. I was in a dark mood, and even my best guy friend was bothering me at the moment. I just didnt extremity to talk to anyone. All I wanted to do was go back to that raise - with that boy. His face had been burned in my mind, those aqua eyes haunting my thoughts.The corners of Tys lips dark down, his eyes showing that he was upset. His angelic face didnt hide his emotions either, he was hurt.I know. I just want to talk to you. Sorry, I muttered halfheartedly. I didnt mean value to be so snappish. Im in a bad m... ...s your name? he requested, a microscopic laugh following the statement, and causing my heart to throb uncontrollably. Because I cant keep calling you pretty, as true as it is.I felt calorie-free at his compliment, and reminded myself to breathe. Winter, I said, my voice sounding stifled and forced. Winter, eh? The name suits you quite well. Pale skin, gorgeous blue eyes the beauty and colors of the season. He winked at me, suddenly seeming a bit more human, not to evoke all the more seductive. Thank you, I said nervously. God, I must be so awkward to talk to right now.I I some feel like I have to come, I admitted quietly. Theres something that keeps drawing me back.A small smile formed on his lips, and there was a glint in his eyes that was bordering sinister. Oh is there now? Finding the long way home, arent you? Winter test -- Creative Writing EssaysI pressed my face up against the glass window, my moist breath causing it to fog up. I watched the boys dark silhouette shift positions slightly, as he leaned back against the deteriorating stonewall, and buried his head in his hands. Tendrils of dark bronze hair assisted in the covering of his face, making it even more impossible to see what he might look like.He didnt know I was here, quietly watching him. Hell, he didnt even know I existed.I squinted, straining my vision, hoping I could maybe see his face in order to have a visual picture of him. But I couldnt. The nighttime environment only helped him remain anonymous. Yet, even without being able to clearly see him, I was slowly being overwhelmed by a very strange feeling - that I had to leave. Now.And as if hed planned it, the boys head snapped up, and his eyes immediately met mine. They were a shockingly bright turquoise, and in them was an unknown emotion so overpowering that I actually gasped and stumbled backwards. My heart was pounding so loudly that all other noise seemed to fade away. -What is that, Winter? Tyler inquired, pointing to the new diamond stud in the side of my nose.A nose piercing, I replied irritably. I was in a dark mood, and even my best guy friend was bothering me at the moment. I just didnt want to talk to anyone. All I wanted to do was go back to that h ouse - with that boy. His face had been burned in my mind, those aqua eyes haunting my thoughts.The corners of Tys lips turned down, his eyes showing that he was upset. His angelic face didnt hide his emotions either, he was hurt.I know. I just want to talk to you. Sorry, I muttered halfheartedly. I didnt mean to be so snappish. Im in a bad m... ...s your name? he requested, a small laugh following the statement, and causing my heart to throb uncontrollably. Because I cant keep calling you pretty, as true as it is.I felt lightheaded at his compliment, and reminded myself to breathe. Winter, I said, my voice sounding stifled and forced. Winter, eh? The name suits you quite well. Pale skin, gorgeous blue eyes the beauty and colors of the season. He winked at me, suddenly seeming a bit more human, not to mention all the more seductive. Thank you, I said nervously. God, I must be so awkward to talk to right now.I I almost feel like I have to come, I admitted quietly. Theres something t hat keeps drawing me back.A small smile formed on his lips, and there was a glint in his eyes that was bordering sinister. Oh is there now? Finding the long way home, arent you?

Winter Essay -- Creative Writing Essays

I press my face up against the glass window, my moist breath create it to fog up. I watched the boys dark silhouette shift positions slightly, as he leaned back against the deteriorating stonewall, and bury his passing game in his hands. Tendrils of dark bronze hair assisted in the finish of his face, making it sluice more impossible to fit what he might look like.He didnt know I was here, quietly watching him. Hell, he didnt even know I existed.I squinted, straining my vision, hoping I could maybe see his face in order to arouse a visual picture of him. save I couldnt. The nighttime environment only helped him remain anonymous. Yet, even without beingness able to clearly see him, I was slowly being overwhelmed by a very strange feeling - that I had to leave. Now.And as if hed planned it, the boys head snapped up, and his look immediately met mine. They were a shockingly b dependable turquoise, and in them was an unknown feeling so overpowering that I actually gasped and stumbled backwards. My heart was pounding so loudly that all other noise seemed to fade away. -What is that, Winter? Tyler inquired, pointing to the new rhombus stud in the side of my nose.A nose piercing, I replied irritably. I was in a dark mood, and even my best guy friend was bothering me at the moment. I just didnt want to disgorge to anyone. All I wanted to do was go back to that house - with that boy. His face had been burned in my mind, those aqua eyes haunting my thoughts.The corners of Tys lips turned down, his eyes showing that he was upset. His angelic face didnt hide his emotions either, he was hurt.I know. I just want to talk to you. Sorry, I muttered halfheartedly. I didnt mean to be so snappish. Im in a bad m... ...s your name? he requested, a small laugh following the statement, and causing my heart to throb uncontrollably. Because I cant keep calling you pretty, as true(a) as it is.I felt lightheaded at his compliment, and reminded myself to breathe. Winter, I said, my voice looking stifled and forced. Winter, eh? The name suits you quite well. Pale skin, gorgeous blue eyes the beauty and colors of the season. He winked at me, suddenly seeming a piece of music more human, not to mention all the more seductive. Thank you, I said nervously. God, I must be so awkward to talk to right now.I I almost feel like I have to come, I admitted quietly. Theres something that keeps drawing me back.A small smile formed on his lips, and thither was a glint in his eyes that was bordering sinister. Oh is there now? determination the long way home, arent you? Winter Essay -- Creative Writing EssaysI pressed my face up against the glass window, my moist breath causing it to fog up. I watched the boys dark silhouette shift positions slightly, as he leaned back against the deteriorating stonewall, and buried his head in his hands. Tendrils of dark bronze hair assisted in the covering of his face, making it even more impossible to see what he might look like.He didnt know I was here, quietly watching him. Hell, he didnt even know I existed.I squinted, straining my vision, hoping I could maybe see his face in order to have a visual picture of him. But I couldnt. The nighttime environment only helped him remain anonymous. Yet, even without being able to clearly see him, I was slowly being overwhelmed by a very strange feeling - that I had to leave. Now.And as if hed planned it, the boys head snapped up, and his eyes immediately met mine. They were a shockingly bright turquoise, and in them was an unknown emotion so overpowering that I actually gasped and stumbled backwards. My heart was pounding so loudly that all other noise seemed to fade away. -What is that, Winter? Tyler inquired, pointing to the new diamond stud in the side of my nose.A nose piercing, I replied irritably. I was in a dark mood, and even my best guy friend was bothering me at the moment. I just didnt want to talk to anyone. All I wanted to do was go back to that house - with that boy. His face had been burned in my mind, those aqua eyes haunting my thoughts.The corners of Tys lips turned down, his eyes showing that he was upset. His angelic face didnt hide his emotions either, he was hurt.I know. I just want to talk to you. Sorry, I muttered halfheartedly. I didnt mean to be so snappish. Im in a bad m... ...s your name? he requested, a small laugh following the statement, and causing my heart to throb uncontrollably. Because I cant keep calling you pretty, as true as it is.I felt lightheaded at his compliment, and reminded myself to breathe. Winter, I said, my voice sounding stifled and forced. Winter, eh? The name suits you quite well. Pale skin, gorgeous blue eyes the beauty and colors of the season. He winked at me, suddenly seeming a bit more human, not to mention all the more seductive. Thank you, I said nervously. God, I must be so awkward to talk to right now.I I almost feel like I have to come, I admitted quietly. Ther es something that keeps drawing me back.A small smile formed on his lips, and there was a glint in his eyes that was bordering sinister. Oh is there now? Finding the long way home, arent you?

Cell Bio Lab Report Essay

The purpose of this lab was to test the biological activity of ConA by performing a hemagglutinating activity assay. If ConA is active accordingly agglutination will occur due to ConAs free receptors being able to bind to the glucose residues on the sheeps red blood cells. If ConA is not active then no agglutination will occur. To test the hemagglutination reaction, two types of ConA antecedents were compared, a purchased keep back ConA solution in wing as the positive control, and a purified solution of ConA in buffer previously purified in lab. Each solution was at a 2mg/ml concentration of ConA in ConA buffer, which is necessary for ConAs biological activity. devil variables were added, Galactose and Mannose, to the ConA solution to compare the effects each had on the hemagglutination reaction. I hypothesize for ConA to be able to agglutinate the red blood cells if in the adequate concentration and if in the presence of Galactose, not Mannose. Mannose will inhibit the ConA fr om binding to the red blood cells membrane, preventing agglutination. RESULTSThe reaction plate containing the ConA dilutions was incubated all over the weekend and resulted in all wells being pink, appearing as if every well had agglutinated. There was a vague outline of the non-agglutinated cells in dissimilar wells. The last agglutination was observed at titer 0.0625 (1/16). Agglutination was seen in wordss A, B D, and E (row A contained the control ConA, row B contained the control ConA + Galactose, row D contained the sample ConA, and row E contained the sample ConA + Galactose). In the well rows C and F which contained control ConA + Mannose and sample ConA + Mannose, agglutination did not occur at any concentration of ConA. Row G, the negative control appeared to deem agglutinated as well as Row H, which contained only ConA buffer.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONThe results did not tolerate my hypothesis for the biological activity of ConA. There are some sources of error that could explain the results obtained. Its possible there was a problem with either the ConA buffer or the sheep red blood cells to allow for all wells to turn pink and appear agglutinated. Another explanation of the irregular results was there might have been cross contamination from not changing tips when transferring to different ConA concentrations, or if bubbles were introduced while diluting the ConA, making the results difficult to interpret.For wells A, B D, and E as ConA became more thin out or decreased in concentration, it became more difficult for it to effectively crosslink and agglutinate the red blood cells. Well D, the positive control that contained the purchased ConA resulted in agglutination of the beginning(a) couple wells, then no agglutination as the ConA concentration decreased, similar to Row A. Wells B and E that had the Galacatose additive obtained the same titer of the control ConA because ConA does not bind Galactose. Galactose doesnt interfere with ConA f rom binding to the sugar residues on the red blood cells. Mannose on the other hand, is an inhibitor to ConAs binding sites. The Mannose in solution competed with the ConA and did not allow to bind to the sugar residues on the red blood cells as seen in rows C and F. Row G, the negative control, should have resulted in non-agglutination, similar to the rows containing the Mannose additive. The results observed delegateed agglutination formed in this row. Lastly, Row H should have shown non-agglutination through out because the well contained only ConA buffer, not ConA protein.In conclusion, the results did not clearly explain the biological activity of ConA with the hemagglutination assay. The experiment contained too many anomalies to get a clear determination of ConAs functionality post purification. The results did show that a change in the concentration of ConA would alter the strength of the reaction. Also, ConAs ability to bind to sugar residues can be affected if ConA has to compete or is inhibited to bind to a cells membrane. LITERATURE CITEDCell Biology 3822 Lab Manual, Cell Surface Glycoprotein Receptor AnalysisUsing Concanavalin A Lab 7. Pearson information Solutions. 2012 147-154.Madeleine Zaechringer. Cell Biology 3822 Analysis of purified ConA via Hemagglutinatino Assay Lab 7 Powerpoint. 2014.

Accounting Laws Memo Essay

Re Process and Laws that apply in Puerto anti-racketeering law to establish a production line corporation.It is a pleasure to help and guide you through the process of regulations and steps in establishing a community pharmacy in Puerto Rico. This type of business is very regulated and includes both state and federal laws.-The first thing that essential be done is to do incorporated in the subdivision of sound out in accordance with the corporations law 164 of 2009 with a company name that is not registered yet and offering a physical address into which municipality will be the headquarters. then(prenominal) a business social security issued by the Department of Treasury Internal Revenue Services must be obtained. This number will get wind the corporation when doing business among other business and when paying taxes to the state and municipality.See more My Writing Process Essay-A merchant registry number (Registro de comerciante) must be obtained also by the department of treasury, here you will specify the exact mailing and physical address and what type of business will be conducted under that corporation. Additional documents are neededLease ContractUse Permit (Obtained in the municipality if it is autonomous, if not in OGP offices) and is granted by ARPE Fire Department endorsement (Extinguishers and emergency exits) Health department endorsement. (Requires a minimum of two bathrooms and at least one with the dimensions for handicapped persons.) Structure blueprintsExplicative letterCRIM certification (Centro de Recaudaciones de Ingresos Municipales)-With a provisional patent issued when completed the above steps, then you will need to get the permits for the pharmacy licenses at the Health Department of Puerto Rico and AMSCA (Administracion de Servicios de Salud y Contra la Adiccion) and DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)Requirements for Pharmacy permitsRegent or Ruling certified Pharmacist endorsed by the College of Pharmacist $75 biological permit fee$100 Pharmacy License feeRequirements for AMSCAHealth and Pharmacy permitLease ContractMedicine cabinet for controlled drugsSecurity CamerasPharmacist Permit$200 feeRequirements for DEA permit see all documents at the DEA website$500 fee Once completed you must go to the municipality where the business is goingto be and request the final patent to operate. at a lower place the commonwealth of Puerto Rico, accounting principles are established by FASB (Financial Accounting Standards board). It is very important to follow these standards and laws established by the government to avoid any penalties and fines.Accounts and deposits must be made under the same name of the corporation. (Act 981m)Funds, Accounting, and tests accounts must be specified and communicate how the funds should be managed. This is verified by the Controller of Puerto Rico (Act 671i)With the Commercial Registry (Registro de comerciante) a sales tax must be paid by the 10th of every month.Income tax an d employee social security must be informed every three months and the contribution retained of the employees is paid every month to the department of treasury.Employee social security contribution is paid periodical to the IRS.Every three months unemployment insurance fee and incapacity is paid to the Department of Labor.Every six months insurance to the State Insurance Fund (Fondo del Seguro del Estado) must be paid. This is in accordance with Act 45, approved on April 18, 1935, known as the Compensation System for Occupational Accidents. This protects employees and covers the monthly payment to them in case of an solidus in the workplace.Public responsibility insurance to protect the corporation against third party accidents is highly recommended.If you follow these steps and suggestions, I disregard assure you that you can get your business running and be assured that the laws are being followed. Theprocess may take some time, but it is worth the time and specie in the futur e. PYMES are needed in the country for the local economy to progress, and I am more than welcome to help you in the process. My ultimate advice is to get a certified CPA to work with you in the accounting functions of the business to help minimize errors and fines when is time to pay.

Joint Commission Accreditation Audit Preparation

Joint Commission Accreditation Audit Preparation Compliance Status for intercourse Priority Focus Area Executive Summary In preparation for the next Joint Commission Accreditation Audit, Nightingale Community Hospital is assessing the compliance view of each of the Joint Commissions Priority Focus Areas (PFAs). This Assessment covers the Communication Joint Commission PFA. For the previous Joint Commission audit, there were no findings associated with this regular.Since The Hospital has recently undergone a great deal of staff turnover in the Standards and Communication Department, several of the Hospital Directors felt that this may be an airfield that has slipped in relation to compliance with this PFA. The Communication PFA is comprised of three general standards UP. 01. 01. 01 Conduct a pre- function verification process. UP. 01. 02. 01 Mark the procedure site. UP. 01. 03. 01 A time-out is performed before the procedure. to each one of these standards has elements of deed t hat Nightingale Community Hospital should be implementing through policies, protocols and checklists.Compliance with the work elements s summarized in a compliance matrix. The matrix identifies the standard, the performance elements of the standard, and how the performance element is implemented. This matrix is an effective tool to assess where compliance gaps exist and it forms the basis for developing corrective action plans. The compliance matrix for the Communication standard in included at the end of this summary. Nightingale Community Hospital is implementing most of the performance standards.There is no documented implementation for the following performance elements. Labeled diagnostic and radiology test results (for example, radiology images and scans, or pathology and biopsy reports) that are properly displayed (UP. 01. 01. 01) When two or more procedures are being performed on the selfsame(prenominal) patient, and the person performing the procedure changes, perform a time-out before each procedure is initiated. (UP. 01. 03. 01) The Hospital is out of compliance with element of performance 3 under standard UP. 01. 02. 01.This performance element should be implemented in the Site Identification and Verification Protocol. The protocol does not identify who is responsible for marking. Additionally, the protocol specifically states that marking is not required for bedside procedures if provider is present the entire time. This flexibility is not allowed in the standard. In addition to these deficiencies, two opportunities for improvement were identified. The Handoff procedure checklist is a useful tool, but there is no mention of this checklist in the Site Identification and Verification Protocol.Also, the Protocol does not address premature infants and the gross profit to not perform marking when the mark may cause a permanent tattoo A corrective action plan forget be focused on ensuring that the identified noncompliances are corrected and evalua ting opportunities for improvement. Specific elements of the corrective action plan are 1)Revise the Site Identification and Verification Protocol to transmit the incorrect information on bedside procedures. Target closing Date 2/1/2012. Actionee Standards and Communication Director. 2)Revise the Handoff Checklist to include labeled diagnostic and radiology test results (e. . , radiology images and scans, or pathology and biopsy reports). Target completion Date 4/1/2012. Actionee Standards and Communication Director. 3)Revise the Site Identification and Verification Protocol to include reference to the Handoff Checklist. Target completion Date 4/1/2012. Actionee Standards and Communication Director. The results of this corrective action plan will be examined approximately six months prior to the Joint Commission audit. That will give adequate time to develop and implement further corrective actions, if necessary.

How is linguistics a scientific study Essay

When linguists claim that their discipline is the scientific film of language, they have in mind certain principles which chance on between a scientific and a non-scientific study of language. First, linguistics is objective, that is, it considers each languages to be equal. For a linguist, there are no primitive, pure, beauteous, cultural, or sophisticated languages. Objectivity is difficult to attain because language is so familiar to us that we can hardly dissociate ourselves from it.The objective study of language is hindered by various cultural, social and historical misconceptions about certain languages. Linguistics has demonstrated that any language, however primitive, or underdeveloped its throng may be, is as complex and highly organized as any other language spoken by a civilized people. There is no intrinsically richer or purer language, because each language serves the functions needed by its speakers. The linguist deals with all languages equally with the aim to c onstruct a general theory of the structure of the language.Second, linguistics is basically an empirical, not a speculative or intuitive, discipline in the sense that it examines specific data (e.g. speech and writing), and proceeds by verifiable and justifiable operations. It relies on observation and experiment, and uses formalized principles and a theory capable of formulation. It aims to analyze the data and make generalizations about the regularities encountered in the linguistic phenomena under study.Third, linguistics obeys the following canons of science exhaustiveness, consistency and economy. Linguistics deals with all relevant data, i.e., it analyzes all the facts of language that fall within its scope, and studies systematically every linguistic element from all angles. It allows no contradictory statements and requires that all parts of analysis be consistent with the whole. Repetition is not allowed either, and more economic statements containing fewer concepts or s ymbols are favorite(a) to longer ones.Thus, we can state that linguistic is a social science which can be subsumed under the empirical sciences. It deals with, among other things, how peoplebehave and move with each other in society by means of language. Linguistics is not as accurate as the natural or hard sciences the like physics, chemistry or biology, whose scientific status is established and irrevocable perhaps what makes linguistics less precise than the natural sciences is the fact that its subject matter (spoken or written language) is part of the human behaviour in general.

Direct Marketing with Red Bull Essay

IntroductionHow should rose-cheeked Bull market its brand in the future? I think, although rosy-cheeked Bull has been extremely successful in the past, time have changed and the confederacy and products should change with it, separatewise we probably lose market sh atomic number 18 to the tremendous increased number of competitors in no time.At the height of primeval mornings and late nights, Red Bull energy alcohol addiction became the fuel of choice for stack from totally walks of life. So how is Red Bull marketing its brand to digest the changing needs and budgets of its customers? How will the privately owned Austrian political party splay its product line beyond the silver-bullet beverage that gives you go? My conclusion is that we should concentrate on on demand marketing and use this to bring in a more(prenominal) diverse population of users.HistoryIn 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz became aware of products called tonic drinks, which is truly popular in Asia. While in Asia he got the idea of marketing those functional drinks outside Asia. In 1984, Mateschitz founded the company Red Bull GmbH. After tune the drink up, Dietrich Mateschitz, introduced his tonic drinks to the Austrian market in 1987. Red Bull got off the ground in no time flat, giving people wings right from the start. In 1992, Red Bull touched down in its first foreign market, in Hungary. Today, Red Bull is energizing over speed of light countries around the globe. More than a billion stinkers of Red Bull are consumed each year.Responsibility for the unparalleled success of the worlds No. 1 energy drink is shared by the companys employees. It wasnt until ten years later Red Bull charged into the United States, entryway a new category of non-soda energy drinks aimed at burned out high school kids, college pupils, and overworked individuals. Namely, the brand power that this product has created is truly amazing. Many people in the persistence may hate Red Bull, scarcely with out Red Bull on that point wouldnt even be a market for the other 150+ products currently crowding the shelves.Direct Marketing Using PrintsAmong the many ways of connecting with consumers, direct marketing is unique and personal. While the challenges of the emerging marketplace are disruptive for the energy drink market, direct marketing could be what keeps Red Bull on top. Why? Because the need to reach consumers in a direct and measurable way is growing stronger as a result of new technologies, new consumer expectations, new competitive pressures and new demands for demonstrable marketing return on investment. Since its inception, Red Bull has shunned print advertising in its marketing strategy.Red Bull has also chosen to eliminate billboards, banner ads, taxicab holograms, blimps, and Super gyre spots as a form of advertising. This could be very beneficial to the company. With advertising in local papers or with large events such as Super Bowl could bring in detailed numbers. Super Bowl advertising has proved to be very beneficial, with more viewers than any TV program. However, Red Bull chooses to use advertising that cost little or nothing. It is found that those affected with direct marketing are more likely to fan out the word of mouth about the product.Web-marketing Campaigns and CouponsRed Bull has not also created one web-marketing campaign, nor has it nipped or expanded its product line. This could be another area to expand. Promoting the drink with web-marketing campaigns could add to the many satisfied consumers. To successfully market your Web web site you need to run an on-going campaign, just as you would for a product or service. Red Bulls website is highly technological. The site uses Windows Media player and is extremely advanced in areas, however the website, http//www.redbullusa.com/start.html, does not include an in-depth analysis on ingredients contained in the drink, nor does it expand on any of the history or events which it featu res. If consumers wanted to learn what was contained in the drink and how they benefit from the product, the information should not only be available, but in abundance.The website is very pleasing to the eye, however lacks the correct information needed by consumers and the correct marketing strategy to properly get the website inthe eyes of consumers. some other addition using the Internet could be banner ads. This would bring consumers to the site. Promote a free sample to not only bring consumers to the site but to also satisfy the consumer by introducing them to the product. Many just do not want to waste their money to try something new. By sending a sample, consumers can get a feel for the Red Bull. Red Bull should also promote with coupons, paper or web-based. With an 8 oz. can of Red Bull pull $ 2.07, the company should use this to lure new and previous drinkers to the product.Student RepresentativesRed Bull does take advantage of some forms of direct marketing. However, Re d Bull prides itself on the forms of advertising with little cost, or no cost. For example, Red Bull sets its grassroots ethic into motion with a simple, yet masterful marketing force scholarly person brand managers. In Europe, collegiate buzz junkies have been successfully addicting friends and classmates for years thanks to a foolproof branding plan Red Bull provides the student representatives with free cases of its energy drink and then encourages the kids to throw a party. Red Bull could also use this technique with older individuals in high melodic phrase occupations. This will not only spread the word quickly and cheaply, but to more individuals of different ages. This would allow Red Bull to expand its target through direct marketing.But with the current scare of mixing Red Bull with alcohol this could come to a halt very shortly. According to the website http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1435409.stm, The SNFA advised people to stop mixing Red Bull with alcohol and to stop drinking it after working out at the gym, until an probe into the drink had been carried out. The warning might have come from Sweden, but it sent ripples around the world. When there is a scare, many people avoid the product all together. This could mean bad business for Red Bull unless there is an appropriate back up plan ready. Red Bull should focus on more ways to effectively promote their products without the use of teenagers and alcohol.ConclusionWith the little advertising Red Bull uses, an extra push in one of these areas could prove very beneficial for the company. Red Bulls focus on low cost advertising may be what will put the company under. The company must first focus on the consumers and how they should be reached then use the most cost effective forms, instead of putting the cost before the consumer. With engineering science increasing, forms of direct marketing are becoming highly popular with not only businesses but also consumers. A spokesman for Red Bull said, We were the original and there are a lot of people who are trying to copy us, but nobody has successfully achieved that. We still have the market share run away at 86%. But if Red Bull can not pick up the pace with others in this highly competitive market it could be the end for this company who has been known for its marketing strategy. By adding print advertising, making minor changes to the detail contained within the site, couponing, and including a web-marketing campaign, Red Bull could stay on top for yet another 17 yearsResources1. Red Bull Energy Drink Reviewhttp//www.bevnet.com/reviews/redbull/Accessed 24 May 2004Provides reviews on several drinks, including Red Bull. Reviews include taste, look and user votes.2. Red Bull GmbH Company Profilehttp//biz.yahoo.com ic/101/101316.html /Accessed 24 May 2004Contains contact information, financial highlights, key people, industry information and top competitors for the Red Bull Company. The site does notcharge compared to others.3 . Red Bull Homepagehttp//www.redbullusa.com/start.htmlAccessed 25 May 2004Red Bull homepage has a instruct company history, contains information regarding the ingredients of the product and has information regarding sports and culture.4. Dark Dog Energy Drink Homepagehttp//www.darkdog.com/Accessed 25 May 2004This site contains latest news and information regarding products, the company, distributors, and partners of the company Dark Dog, one of Red Bulls competitors.5. Red Bull in suspected link to Deathhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1435409.stmAccessed 27 May 2004This site contains information regarding the Swedish National Food Administration issuing a public warning and investigating Red Bull in the deaths of three.

How Effective Are Various Methods in Reducing Recidivism Essay

Prison, non-custodial sentences and rehabilitation seem all failed in reducing recidivism however, there is little and limited evidence to support non-custodial sentences, as tumefy as some people think if rehabilitation could be implemented effectively, it would work. Although the advantage of prison is keeping our society from dangerous people, when it comes to reducing recidivism range, the effect of prison is disappointing. The public usually think that imprisonment is safer for communities however, it appears powerless to deter inmates from committing crime again.In the article, Study shows building prisons did not prevent repeat crimes, Fox Butterfield (2002) cites a large-scale study of recidivism from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which investigated up to 272,111 former prisoners in 15 states during the first three years after being released. It found that 67% of inmates broke the law again in three years right after their release in 1994. It is surprised that it does not make any discrepancy to recidivism straddle which was studied in 1960s, and it is even 5% higher than the study done in 1983.In addition, it indicated that the more rearrest records a criminal has, the higher recidivism rate he has. The inmates who have more than 15 prior arrests have 82. 1% of recidivism rate. Nevertheless, according to Emily Kinghams article (2006), she believes that prison forces offenders to regret and reflect on their demeanor as for the reason that criminals cannot reject the temptation of committing new crime is because of inadequate provided support. In spite of this, some experts have admitted that prison does not work in terms of reducing recidivism rate (Considering the substitutes 1978 Finckenauer 1988).Some limited evidence has shown that non-custodial sentences may decrease recidivism regardless of some experts being sceptical about their desired achievements. On the one hand, alternative sentences can help government save money and alleviate o ver-cramped number of criminals in prison (Considering the alternatives 1978). On the other hand, Kingham(2006) points out that alternative sentences do nothing but return prisoners to their original circumstances, which result in unawareness of their crimes and the onsequences. One study indicated that through one of alternative sentences, intensive probation, recidivism rate is less than 20% however, the evidence maybe weak as the study has not been completely put into practice (Considering the alternatives 1978). Furthermore, in the Minnesota, alternative sentences have been successfully adopted to keep criminal rate not increasing, but it may not be convinced because of the source not being confirmed (Considering the alternatives 1978). trance some people argue rehabilitation is also failed in reducing recidivism rate, some authors counter that if government could support rehabilitation, recidivism rate would decrease. According to the article, Prison, jam O. Finckenauer (1988) cites some studies, which shows that even though the government has already provided with good rehabilitation programmes, they cannot achieve reformatory of inmates.On the other hand, this position is contested by Joan Petersilis (cited in Butterfield 2002), a professor of criminology at the University of California at Irvine and an expert on parole, who says that state governments spent such little money on rehabilitation programs that inmates do not receive sufficient help with drug addition, work skill and preparation for a new life, which may lead increasing recidivism rate. Butterfield (2002) further cites the direction by Mr. Travis, who also argues that criminals return to crime.

Critic of the Application of Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory in Assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: a Ghanaian Perspective Essay

Critic of the Application of Frederick Herzbergs Two- component part theory in Assessing and cause employee pauperization at work aGhanaian Perspective.Patrick AshiadeyThe Frederick Herzberg Two Factor theory has had a considerable amount of practical and as well as theoretical influences. In fact, from a practical perspective, the influence of Herzbergs motivation theory can be seen at every organizational level as well as within every department. From a theoretical perspective, Herzbergs motivation theory can be perceived as having similarities to Maslows Theory of Need with the exception that for Herzbergs theory, the needs arent placed in a progressive continuum, rather they are divided into 2 in symbiotic instruments. Herzbergs motivation theory emerged from a collection of data gathered by the interview of 203 accountants and engineers within the Pittsburgh area. The interview process consisted of asking the respondents to describe a work situation where they felt very hap py as well as very unhappy.These descriptions were to include as many details as possible, including their feelings, the interpretation of the situation as well as the events that are suggestive of a change. The digest of the responses confirmed the proposed hypothesis, where some factors where contributors to job satisfaction, while others were not. In addition, some factors were noted to be a source of dissatisfaction when absent. These were categorized as Motivators and Hygiene factors, the latter to a fault being referred to as Maintenance Factors. (Wikipedia, 2013). Employee motivation in Ghana however nonpluss on a different turn due to many factors that flaw the two factor Theory. This white paper seeks to discuss but a few of these factors. Firstly the difference in cultures and upbringing of the typical Africa especially the Ghanaian worker right from infancy to the work age differs from those used in the interview process as they are from entirely different geographical areas. The average Ghanaian lives on or below the poverty line and as such will be happy just having a job with his basic net in bewilder regardless of the existence of motivators or hygiene factors. The mentality of the average Ghanaian worker makes him fear joblessness as other forms of employment are hard to come by and that alone will motivate him or her to stay in the job in the absence of motivators orhygiene factors.That is the theory does not take into account individual personality traits that could provide a different response to a motivator or hygiene factor. The Theory to a fault lacks in the understanding of the inter-relations mingled with some of the motivators which I totally agree with as can be seen from http//www.leadership-central.com/two-factor-theory.htmlixzz2g2Bs3nao in comparison to the dual structure theory. event, one might give birth adequate job recognition nut he or she may not be satisfied with the level of responsibilities therefore one would ques tion the inhering motivational value of job recognition for the individual. Lack of highly skilled personnel in the Ghanaian job market, makes the average Ghanaian worker dependent upon his or her professional level which would be more or less sensitive to one or the other of the factors. Frederick Herzbergs sample space for his interrogation included 203 accountants and engineers, a huge disparity from the large population of Ghanaian workers in the public sector who were only recently introduced to the single spine structure. Responses to the homogeneous questions posed to the accountants and engineers that led to the development of the theory would have produced different results as what mattered to a worker in the US would not necessarily have mattered to a worker in Ghana like recreational facilities.This leads us to the point where hygiene factors and motivators vary depending on the types of individuals involved and the nature of work examined. There is also the case where there exists no prove that highly satisfied people are also high performers per a research done on the internet. Example is the average Ghanaian worker in the public sector enjoying the new single spine salary structure still requiring some form of special(a) cash for him or her to carry out his or her civil duties. All said and done, it is a well-known fact that the Application of the Two Factor Theory is definitely well established within organizational settings. In fact, every leader has the responsibility to ensure that their employees hygiene factors are attended to and that strait-laced motivators are implemented to increase job satisfaction.The most common mistake committed by leaders is to attend to the hygiene factor while expecting employee motivation. peerless application for Herzbergs theory of motivation that isnt well known is its importance in managing quality. A great paper by Heinz Weihrich shows the link between the Two Factor Theoryof motivation and quality. H e equates the reliability or R factor of a product as being the hygiene factor and therefore customers have grown to expect products they purchase to be reliable. The S factor, the motivator, refers to the product features.

Ming Dynasty Trade

Andrew capital of Minnesota Stokes June 5, 2011 Ming Dynasty Economy Its fruit and its decline. By Andrew Paul Stokes capital of Red mainland china Union University 1P a ge Andrew Paul Stokes June 5, 2011 Ming Dynasty Economy The Ming Dynasty The prudence of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) of mainland mainland mainland mainland China was the largest in the world at the time. It is regarded as unmatchable of Chinas three golden ages (the other(a) 2 being the Han and hell dust dynasties), the Ming is too the dynasty where the first spr step forwards of Chinese capitalism can be seen.The scotch growth so evident low the Ming Dynasty continued under the Qing Dynasty, up until the time of the Opium War in the 1840s. During this time, Chinas domestic economy was a dynamic, commercialising economy, and in some sorts, even an industrialising economy. The Ming Dynasty, one of the slap-upest terms of nifty political relation and kindly stability in clement history 1, was the last native imperial dynasty in Chinese history, sandwiched between the two dynasties of foreign origin, Yuan and Qing. The Ming stand as the last attempt to crack Chinese government in native hands and the last dynasty run by ethnic Hans.As China was humiliated and oppressed by the detect of the Mongols, the Ming Dynasty rose up out of a skinflint uprising led by Zhu Yuanzhang to preside over the greatest scotch and social revolution in China before the modern period. Trade was eitherowed between China and nations in the west, money crops were more frequently grown, work industries were riged, and the economic growth caused by the privatisation of state industries resulted in a prosperous period that exceeded that of the earlier song Dynasty.At the end of the Ming Dynasty, shortly before the Manchus overthrew the Ming and established the Qing Dynasty, Chinas economy was a period of expansion. modern markets were being founded, and merchants were extending their businesses ac ross provincial lines and even into the South China Sea. Establishment of the Ming under the Hongwu emperor butterfly It had blend very app atomic number 18nt that the Yuan Dynastys ability to govern, to maintain order in golf club, to give out hint and local government, and to collect evaluatees was eroding well before the middle of the fourteenth ascorbic acid. Agriculture and the economy were in a shambles and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather Fairbank, bum queer Craig, Albert M. (1960) A level of eastern nigh Asian Civilisation, Vol 1. einsteinium Asia The swell Tradition, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 2 Mote, Frederick W. (1988) The Rise of the Ming Dynasty 1330 1367 in Twitchett, Denis Fairbank, John K. (eds. ) The Cambridge explanation of China, Vol 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368 1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press, p. 11 1 2P a ge Andrew Paul Stokes thousands of peasants c wholeed upon to work on repairing the dykes of the Yellow River.In the 1350s, some(prenominal) rebel leaders, al almost every(prenominal) of whom came from the merchant or lower classes, seized cities and set themselves up as kings or even, with just a sm completely fare of territory, proclaimed themselves to be emperor moth. The Yuan emperor butterfly no semipermanent seemed to be in control of the shoes, and indeed the country, it had been carved up into pieces by rebel warlords. The Ming Dynasty was an age of partition in which throughout most of the country the conduct of daily life dep stop on and ended up on direct recourse to violence.It provides a classic example of the gradual militarisation of Chinese guild and, because of that, the struggle among potent rivals to succeed the Mongol (Yuan) political science by imposing, through military force, a refilling regime that could claim the rule of heaven. 3 Zhu Yuanzhang, who would later become the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was a peasant. He was the save person fro m such poor and humble origins ever to found a ruling Chinese dynasty. It is verbalise that a scholar told him he would succeed if he followed three simple rules a. build strong metropolis w eithers b. ) gather as much grain in storage as possible c. ) be delay to assume titles. Zhu followed these rules assiduously. With his army, Zhu slowly conquered the territories of all the warlords whilst carefully watching the governments armies. By 1368, he has conquered all of southern China this is the date at which the Ming Dynasty officially begins. He had control of all of China by 1369. June 5, 2011 Ming Emperor Hongwu (1368 1398) Emperor Hongwu made an immediate effort to rebuild state infrastructure.He built a dour wall around Nanjing, which then became the official capital of the Ming empire (the Yuan had their capital located in Beijing), as well as new palaces and government halls. 4 He enacted a series of policies intentional to favour market-gardening at the expense of othe r industries. Aid was given by the state to farmers, also providing them with land and agricultural equipment, as well as a full revision of the ibid. command of Heaven is a traditional Chinese philosophical archetype concerning the legitimacy of rulers.It is similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings, in that both sought to legitimise rule from divine approval however, remote the divine right of kings, the Mandate of Heaven is predicated on the conduct of the ruler in question. The Mandate of Heaven postulates that heaven (Tian) would bless the authority of a just ruler, as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw its mandate, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule topper.The mere fact of a leader having been overthrown is itself indication that he has mazed the Mandate of Heaven. 4 Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999) The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 190-1. 3 3P a ge taxation system. 5 The Ming government abolished the mandatory forced labour by peasants that was used in early dynasties and replaced it with remuneration labour. A new class of wage labourers sprung up where none had existed before. In Jingde alone, it was reported that there were no less than 300 pottery factories, all operated by wage labourers. According to historian Timothy Brook, the Hongwu Emperor attempted to immobilise society by creating rigid, state-regulated boundaries between villages and larger towns, discouraging traffic and travel in society not permitted by the government. 7 He also forcibly moved thousands of wealthy families from the southeast and resettled them around Nanjing, forbidding them to move once they were settled. 8 , In order to better administer the state, the emperor ordered surveys and censuses to be taken and the data gathered in government registers and records. T his enabled the central government to regulate taxation.In addition, he made all occupations hereditary in order to further prevent social mobility he understood, as a resileer peasant himself, the danger of social mobility. All members of Chinese society were grouped into three large hereditary classes peasants, craftspeople, and soldiers. To keep track of merchants activities, he forced them to register all their goods once a month. 9 It seems his main goals were to attempt to curb the influence of the merchants and landlords, but it turned out that several of his policies would eventually encourage them to amass more wealth.Hongwus system of massive move was seen as being too oppressive and encouraged peoples desire to escape the harsh taxes that were obligate on the wealthy by becoming itinerant retailers, peddlers, and migrant workers finding tenant landowners who would rent them topographic point to farm and labour upon. 10 By the middle of the Ming era, subsequent emperor s had abandoned Hongwus unpopular relocation system and instead entrusted local officials to document the numbers of migrant workers and their earnings in order to go in more revenue. 1 Hongwu believed that agriculture was the core basis of the economy, Hongwu favoured that industry over all else, including that of merchants. However, aft(prenominal) his destruction, most of his policies were reversed by his successors. By the late Ming, the state ended up losing supply to the very merchants which Hongwu had wanted to restrict. Andrew Paul Stokes June 5, 2011 5 Mote, Frederick W. (1988), Introduction, in Twitchett, Denis Mote, Frederick W. (eds. ), The Cambridge History of China, Vol 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368 1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press, p. 6 Li, Bo Zheng, Yin. (2001) 5000 years of Chinese history. Inner Mongolian Peoples Publishing House. pp. 994-7 7 Brook, Timothy. (1998) The Confusions of Pleasure mercantilism and nuance in Ming China, Berkeley University of calcium Press. p. 19 8 ibid. pp. 28-29 9 ibid. pp. 65-67 10 ibid. pp. 27-28 11 ibid. p. 97 4P a ge Andrew Paul Stokes The Agricultural Revolution. June 5, 2011 Through several of Chinas dynastic periods, the economy, like most pre-modern economies was agriculturally beginningd with all other sectors either servicing it or drawing materials from it.During the nisus dynasty the Chinese developed the worlds most productive agricultural system. Mongol domination and the Ming dynastys rise to power go away much of China devastated and parts uninhabited. 12 The Hongwu Emperor had as one of his central tasks the rebuilding of the Chinese economy which had been devastated by the excesses of the Mongol rulers. Between 1370 and 1398, China experienced a revolution in agriculture unparalleled in history. Hongwu revived the agricultural sector to create self-sufficient communities that would not need to entrust on commerce, which he assumed would only remain in urban areas. 3 The surplus cr eated from this revitalisation encouraged farmers to make profits by selling their goods in regional urban markets. 14 on board other crops, rice was grown on a large weighing machine with the introduction of Champa Rice from southeastern Asia. Population growth and the decrease in fertile land made it necessary that farmers produce cash crops to earn a living, and as the countryside and urban areas became more connected through commerce, households in rural areas began pickings on traditionally urban specialisations, such as the production of silk and cotton, as well as producing model dyes and growing sugar cane. 5 The Cambridge History of China states about the Ming that The commercialisation of Ming society within the context of expanding communications may be regarded as a distinguishing aspect of the history of this dynasty. In the matter of commodity production and circulation, the Ming marked a turning point in Chinese history, both in the scale at which goods were bei ng Graham, James. (Unknown Date). Quantitative Growth, Qualitative Standstill Chinas scotch Situation 1368-1800. From HistoryOrb. com website. http//www. historyorb. com/asia/china_economy. shtml (accessed 03/06/2011). 13 Brook, Timothy. 1998) The Confusions of Pleasure avocation and Culture in Ming China, Berkeley University of California Press. p. 69 14 ibid. pp. 65-66 15 ibid. pp. 113-117 12 5P a ge Andrew Paul Stokes produced for the market, and in the nature of the economic relations that governed commercial exchange. 16 June 5, 2011 The Yongle Emperor, the Second Founding Hongwus successor and grandson assumed the commode as the Jianwen Emperor (13981402) after the death of Hongwu in 1398. After a short period of civil war, he was overthrown by his uncle, Zhu Di, who assumed the throne under the title the Yongle Emperor.The reign of the Yongle Emperor is considered by many another(prenominal) to be a second knowledgeability of the Ming Dynasty since he had reversed many of his fathers policies. 17 Also, during his reign, China had recovered many of the territories lost during earlier dynasties, as well as those lost during the much earlier Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms era (907960AD). One year after assuming the throne, he announced that the new capital and power base will be moved to back to Beijing and a new palatial complex to be built, and the current capital, Nanjing, was to be demoted to a secondary capital.Construction began on what is now known as The Forbidden metropolis in 1407. Construction of the new city took place between 1406 to 1420, employing hundreds of thousands of workers daily. 18 The Yongle Emperor also Ming Emperor Yongle 1402-1424 initiated many other grand building projects, such as the restoration of the universal gravitational constant canal, which had lain dilapidated for many decades. The reason this restoration was great was to solve the perennial problem of shipping grain join to the capital.Shipping the annual fo ur million shi 19 was made difficult because the previous method of shipping through the East China Sea or by various inland canal routes that included the loading and drop the Heijdra, Martin. (1988) The Socio-Economic Development of Rural China During the Ming, in Mote, Frederick W. Twitchett, Denis (eds. ), Cambridge History of China The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644, Part One. Cambridge University Press. p. 580 17 Atwell, William S. (2002) Time, Money, and the Weather Ming China and the Great Depression of the MidFifteenth Century, The Journal of Asian Studies ( passel 61, Number 1). p. 83-113. 18 Ebrey, Patricia Buckley Walthall, Anne Palais, James B. (2006) East Asia A Cultural, Social, and policy-making History. Boston Houghton Mifflin guild. p. 272 19 Ancient Chinese measurement. One shi is equal to about 107 litres. 16 6P a ge Andrew Paul Stokes grain onto several different barges was proven to be rather uneconomical and time consuming. 20 June 5, 2011 To a certain extent, the Ming state itself facilitated the movement of goods to market by relocating the capital to Beijing in the far north, away from the rich and prosperous rice growing areas of Southern China.This resulted in a inwrought market for the demands of goods in the north, if for no other reason than to feed the imperial household and motor inn. This was one of the reasons why it was so important to keep the Grand Canal in working order. It was a major conduit for grain, salt, and other important commodities. Any taxes that were paid in kind were paid in grain, which was shipped along the Grand Canal. Thus, control of the Grand Canal was of critical importance to the Ming government. It was under the reign of Emperor Yongle that the Chinese first began to transaction and interact with Europeans on any authoritative scale.The presence of Europeans would eventually prove to be the most contentious aspect of modern Chinese history, but during the Ming, European trade greatly expanded Chines e economic life, particularly in the southern regions. Through most of their history, the Chinese have concentrated for the most part on land, commerce, and geographic expedition. However, the Yongle Emperor began to sponsor a series of naval expeditions during 1405 and the years that followed. The reasoning for these naval expeditions are varied, but the Yongle emperor wanted to expand trade with other countries and had a taste for imported and strange goods.Merchants and Overseas Trade. From 1405 till 1433, the Chinese imperial castrate Zheng He led seven ocean expeditions for the Yongle Emperor that are unmatched in world history. During this time, Zheng He travelled all the way from China to sou-east Asia and then on to India, all the way to major trading sites on Indias southwest coast. In his fourth voyage, he travelled to the Persian Gulf. But for the last three voyages, Zheng went even further, all the way to the east coast of Africa. These expeditions made China the wor lds greatest commercial naval power in the world at the time, far superior to any European nation. 0 Early seventeenth century Chinese woodblock print, thought to represent Zheng Hes ships Brook, Timothy. (1998) The Confusions of Pleasure Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley University of California Press. pp. 46-7. 7P a ge Andrew Paul Stokes One purpose of these lavish expeditions was to overwhelm foreign peoples and to bring over them beyond any doubt the extent and grandeur of Ming power, but more so, it was to increase Chinas contacts in these areas and establishing stateregulated trade there. 21 The Ming government constantly intervened in foreign trade.Under the reigns of Emperors Hongwu, Yongle, and Jiajing, foreign trade by private merchants was completely prohibited. In reality, the bans on this trade never succeeded in anything but preventing the government from tax private merchants. Private trade continued in secret because the coast was impossible to patrol an d natural law adequately, and because local officials and scholar-gentry families in the coastal provinces actually colluded with merchants to build ships and trade. The export was mainly with Japan and Southeast Asia, and it picked up after plate lodes were discovered in Japan in the early 1500s.Since fluid was the main form of money in China, lots of people were willing to take the risk of sailing to Japan or Southeast Asia to sell products for Japanese silver, or to invite Japanese traders to come to the Chinese coast and trade in secret ports. Something that can be seen in Chinese society before the Ming dynasty is the general turn ones stomach and disapproval of merchants and foreign salesmen, but during the mid and later parts of the Ming dynasty, merchants brought along a large amount of social revolution and change. By the 15th Century, the Ming had abolished the restriction on private overseas trade and Ming merchants prospered.An immense expansion of trade followed with only trade to nations at war with China prohibited. 22 At that time, Denis Twitchett claims that China, unconnected from being a lucrative market for Ming Paper Money Europeans, was the largest and wealthiest 23 nation on earth. The most important parts of all this trade was the importation of silver. The governments of both Hongwu and Zhengtong (1435-1449) attempted to cut the flow of silver into the economy in favour of penning currency, yet mining the June 5, 2011 21 22 Li, Bo Zheng, Yin. (2001) 5000 Years of Chinese History.Inner Mongolian Peoples Publishing House. p. 996 ibid. p. 996 23 Huang, Ray. (1988), The Ming Fiscal arrangement, in Twitchett, Denis Fairbank, John K. (eds. ), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty 1398-1644, Part Two. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110-113. 8P a ge precious metal simply became a lucrative illegal pursuit practiced by many. 24 Emperor Hongwu seemed unaware of the situation of economic inflation, even as he contin ued to hand out multitudes of paper currency as awards by 1425, paper currency was only worth around 0. 014% its original take account.Eventually, the state stopped issuing paper currency because the population had lost faith in it. 25 Andrew Paul Stokes June 5, 2011 By the late sixteenth part century, China was intimately a part of the growing global economy. The Chinese were trading actively with the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the Japanese, who all traded silver for Chinese silks and porcelain. The Ming shipped silks to Manila in the Philippines and there traded with the Spanish for silver, firearms, and American goods such as sugar, potatoes, and tobacco. Chinese Ming blue and white porcelain became all the rage in Europe and was highly prized.The Dutch East India Company alone handled the trade of 6 million porcelain items from China to Europe between the years 1602 to 1682. 26 Patricia Buckley Ebrey writes of the appreciable size of commercial transactions on the silk goods t raded to Europe In one case a galleon to the Spanish territories in the New World carried over 50000 pairs of silk stockings. In return China imported loosely silver from Peruvian and Mexican mines transported via Manila. Chinese merchants were active in these trading ventures, and many emigrated to such places as the Philippines and Borneo to take advantage of the new commercial opportunities. 27 In 1435, however, court scholars wrongly convinced the Hongwu emperor that the decline of the dynasty would be signalled by a taste in foreign wares, so China greatly contracted its commercial and maritime expansion it had begun so promisingly. They would later be renewed under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, but again they were curtailed after the death of Zheng He. The situations of missions coming to an end resulted in the eviction of Ming troops from Vietnam which brought significant costs to the Ming treasury. 8 The lavish expense of the sailing fleets with high eunuch power at cour t was another big factor (Zheng He himself was also a eunuch as were many other naval commanders), so the plosiveing of funding for these ventures was seen as a means to curtail further eunuch influence and power at court and in high positions. 29 There was also the great threat of a revival of Mongol power in the north which drew much of the attendance away from other matters to face this threat, a massive amount of funds and manpower was Brook, Timothy. (1998) The Confusions of Pleasure Commerce and Culture in Ming China.Berkeley University of California Press. pp. 68-69 25 Fairbank, John K. Goldman, Merle. (2006) China A New History. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 134. 26 ibid. p. 206 27 Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999) The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 211. 28 Fairbank, John K. Goldman, Merle. (2006) China A New History. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, p. 138 29 ibid. pp. 138-139 24 9P a ge Andrew Paul Stokes used to restore, rebuild, and extend the Great Wall. 0 Many scholars and historians believe that Yongles move of the capital from Nanjing to Beijing in the north was largely in response of the need to keep a closer eye on the Mongols in the north and to better prepare to defend. June 5, 2011 Economic and Dynastic Collapse. There were numerous causes for the decline and fall of the Ming despite the auspicious start of the dynasty under the Hongwu emperor. The most immediate and direct cause of the fall was the rebellions in the seventeenth century and the aggressive military expansion of the Manchu armies.The decline of the dynasty, however, began much sooner, perhaps even as early as the initial establishment of the dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, what is now referred to as the Little Ice historic period 31 severely curtailed Chinese agriculture in the Northern provinces, famine, drought, and other disaster befell Northern China, bringing peasant revolts. The inabi lity to collect taxes resulted in armies not being paid. Many of these troops joined the rebels making the situation worse.During the last years of Emperor Wanlis reign, and those of his two successors, an economic crisis developed that was centred on a sudden widespread overleap of the empires chief medium of exchange silver. Through acts of piracy staged by the Protestant Dutch and the English against the Catholic empires of Spain and Portugal in order to weaken their global economic power, the flow of silver into China slowed. 32 The only flow of silver into China came from the illegal smuggling from Mexico and Peru across the Pacific in favour of shipping directly from Spain o Manila. In 1639, the new Tokugawa regime of Japan shut down most of its foreign trade with Europe, causing a further halt of silver coming into China though the Japanese silver still flowed in small amounts. 33 The occurrence of these events at the same time caused a dramatic spike in the value of silver and made the payment of taxes nearly impossible in most provinces. For peasants this was an economic disaster, since they paid taxes in silver plot of ground conducting local trade and selling their crops with copper create verballys. 4 Famine, as well as tax increases, widespread military desertions, gushing, the inability of the government to properly manage irrigation ibid. p. 139 Little Ice Age was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. While not a genuine ice age, the term was introduced into scientific literature by Francois E. Matthes in 1939. It is conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries. 32 Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for in advance(p) China Second Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company. p. 19 33 Brook, Timothy. 1998) The Confusions of Pleasure Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley University of California Press. p. 208 34 Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China Seco nd Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 20-21. 31 30 10 P a g e and flood control projects, caused the widespread loss of life and suffering. 35 Due to lack of resources, the central government didnt have the means to mitigate the effects of these calamities. Andrew Paul Stokes June 5, 2011 The Ming Dynastys economy was always in disarray because of the lack of knowledge on how to run an effective treasury.Paper money removed from circulation and was replaced with coinage, which eventually lost most of their value due to counterfeiting. However, since there were not enough coins in circulation, counterfeiting became a massive problem. At this point, the provinces were required to flowerpot their own coins unfortunately, some of them added lead to the coins, which depleted their value. Due to the abundance of counterfeit coins, their value again declined. This coin problem was amplified by an increasing need for money due to the growth of trade, and the threat of military campaigns that prove very costly.Chongzhen, The Last Emperor. During the rule of the final Ming emperor, the Chongzhen Emperor, the situation just began to worsen. Chongzhen tried to rule by himself and did his best to try and salvage the dynasty, correcting all the mistakes of those who ruled previously, but it seemed it was too little too late. After years of internal corruption and an almost empty treasury, it became almost impossible to find capable ministers to fill important government posts. It also didnt help that Chongzhen was incredibly suspicious and mistrusting of the few skilled subordinates that he did have.In 1644, the rebels under the command of Li Zicheng took Beijing, ending the Ming rule in the North. Rather than face capture, humiliation, and possible execution at the hands of the newly proclaimed Shun Dynasty 36, Chongzhen arranged Ming Emperor Chongzhen (1627-1644) a feast and gathered all the members of the imperial household, aside from his sons. Using a swo rd, he killed everyone there. ibid. p. 21 Shun Dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. The dynasty was founded in Xian on 8 February 1644, the first day of the lunar year, by Li Zicheng, the leader of a large peasant rebellion.Li, however, only went by the title of King (? ), not Emperor ( ). The capture of Beijing by the Shun forces in April 1644 marked the end of the Ming dynasty, but Li Zicheng failed to solidify his mandate in late May 1644, he was defeated at the passage of arms of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu prince Dorgon. When he fled back to Beijing in early June, Li finally proclaimed himself emperor of China and left the capital in a hurry. The Shun dynasty ended with Lis death in 1645. 36 35 11 P a g e Andrew Paul StokesEveryone died except his daughter Princess Changping. Chongzhen then fled to Jingshan Hill and committed suicide by hanging himself from a head in the garden. 37 Regimes loyal to the Ming throne continued to reign in southern China until 1662. June 5, 2011 Conclusion. So in conclusion, during the Ming Dynasty, China saw perhaps the greatest change and rebirth in their history. The Ming Empire found the perfect balance of empirical power and Confucianism, culture and technology were revolutionised, allowing the expansion of wealth trade and nationalism.Political implements and adaptation had contoured China into a strong and supple empire, extending its fingers south to Vietnam and north to Manchuria. Combining typical Confucian methods of governance, a strong empirical head, and an extended base of power amongst court eunuchs, Ming China successfully rehabilitated the greatness of the Tang and Han dynasties. It was the worlds largest economy of its age. It was also the most powerful and largest military power in all of Asia. Science, economy and military strength from the early Ming Dynasty onwards culminated in the greatest age of mari time exploration in Chinese History. 8 Economically, the Ming Dynasty was a period during which the feudal society began to show the declining trend while the concept of capitalism started to originate. In agriculture, both the food output and the implements of production surpassed that of earlier dynasties. The most spectacular advancement in Ming China probably was the evolution of maritime exploration which opened China up to the world albeit briefly. The increased knowledge of the seas and the navigational tools aided the Chinese in forging an empire that could trade with places half the world away.But, inexperience and neglect by the Ming rulers contributed greatly to the downfall of the dynasty, as well as corruption of the court officials and the domination of the eunuchs inside the court. If, for instance, instead of turning to eunuchs to help check on judgeship officials, the emperors turned to his immediate relatives or maternal relations, it could also have led to, as h istory of Han and Jin dynasties had shown, factionalism that change the empire. Instead of eunuchs being the problem, imperial relations would have been the problem.The government officials were cruel and extorted unreasonable taxes. The combination of natural calamity and human oppression drove the peasants to a revolt. The disasters of Ming dynasty can be portiond such 70% human error. The officials were greedy and extorted taxes from the victims. The state increased taxes without thought of the disasters, eventually leading to peasant revolt. The Ming dynasty could have decisively chose policies to gentle suffering after suppressing Li Zichengs first revolt make necessary changes to the Spence, Jonathan D. 1999) The Search for Modern China Second Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company. p. 25 38 Brook, Timothy. (1998) The Confusions of Pleasure Commerce and Culture in Ming China, Berkeley University of California Press. 37 12 P a g e Andrew Paul Stokes government officials a nd taxation policies, allocate the wealth to aid the victims and to pacify the masses, then Li Zichengs movement would be unable to rend anyone. The fall of the capital to the peasant army (or any other army) would not have occurred. June 5, 2011 Bibliography Atwell, William S. 2002) Time, Money, and the Weather Ming China and the Great Depression of the Mid-Fifteenth Century, the Journal of Asian Studies, 61 (1) 81-113, Cambridge University Press Brook, Timothy. (1998) The Confusions of Pleasure Commerce and Culture in Ming China, Berkeley University of California Press. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley Walthall, Anne Palais, James B. (2006) East Asia A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999) The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press Fairbank, John K. nd Goldman, Merle. (2006) China A New History. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Graham, James. (Unknown Date). Quantitative Growth, Qua litative Standstill From www. HistoryOrb. com Chinas Economic Situation 1368-1800. website. http//www. historyorb. com/asia/china_economy. shtml (accessed 03/06/2011). Heijdra, Martin. (1988) The Socio-Economic Development of Rural China During the Ming, in Mote, Frederick W. and Twitchett, Denis (eds. ), Cambridge History of China The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644, Part One, Cambridge University Press.Huang, Ray. (1988) The Ming Fiscal Administration, in Twitchett, Denis and Fairbank, John K. (eds. ) the Cambridge History of China, Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty 1398-1644, Part Two, Cambridge University Press. Li, Bo and Zheng, Yin. (2001) 5000 Years of Chinese History, Inner Mongolian Peoples Publishing House. 13 P a g e Andrew Paul Stokes Mote, Frederick W. (1988), Introduction, in Twitchett, Denis and Mote, Frederick W. (eds. ) The Cambridge History of China, Vol 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368 1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press.Mote, Frederick W. (1988) The Rise of the Ming Dynasty 1330 1367, in Twitchett, Denis and Fairbank, John K. (eds. ) The Cambridge History of China, Vol 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368 1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather Fairbank, John King and Craig, Albert M. (1960) A History of East Asian Civilisation, Vol 1. East Asia The Great Tradition, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China Second Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company. June 5, 2011 14 P a g e

Compare and contrast Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Essay

IntroductionThe current essay foc determinations on two opposite remedial techniques, Acceptance and load Therapy and dissolvent Foc practice sessiond Brief Therapy. The initial comp 1nt of the essay outlines the redress orientations of both overturees then, the different approaches argon bring upd to a case study of a young dame cal conduct Linda who is seeking counseling due to feelings of despondentness. The essay is then finished with some of the authors various(prenominal)ised opinions on the two therapeutic approaches.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy tour Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( flirt) has been in training since the 1980s, it has only recently risen to prominence and is some eons described as a new swan therapeutic technique. be prepare is a modern behaviour therapy that uses acceptance and mindfulness interventions alongside commission and behaviour replace strategies to enhance mental flexibility (Sonja, 2011). issue differs from many modern th erapies, in particular its approach to dealing with mourninging emotions, legal opinions and behaviours. Unlike many modern psychotherapies, ACT does non savour to avoid the luridness or frequency of unwanted thoughts and emotions however, it instead focuses on assistanceing mint to live untold than honour lives even in the social movement of undesirable thoughts, emotions and sensations.ACT is underpinned by a program of research on the spirit of kind expression and cognitions know as Rational Frame Theory (RFT). RFT describes how normal human terminology processes dramatic on the wholey change the human bring by resulting in the ability to readily and frequently evaluate virtually all of its experiences minusly (Flaxman and Blackledge, 2010). This verbal capacity allows humans to compare their ideal to their flaws. both discrepancies arse be interpreted as unworthiness, and this brook be a cause of mental distress. RFT has led to the development of an empir ically based model of human functioning that comprises six interrelated therapeutic processes. These are acceptance, de confederation, contact with the present moment, self as context, determines, and committed action. While detailed descriptionsof these processes are beyond the cooking stove of the current essay, a few elements can be explored.cognitive fusion is a core process, which can lead to psychological distress. Cognitive fusion refers to when news programs themselves labour on the properties of the things to which they refer (Flaxman and Blackledge, 2010). For role model, if someone has kaput(p) through a violent attack, that individual may live thoughts nigh the attack, which can bring up in the present, all the thoughts, emotions and memories associated with that event, even if it was many years ago. In this typesetters case the individual may explode to think that all people are dangerous, and therefore not go out. Thus the process of fusion, by which verbal processes come to excessively or inappropriately influence behavior, which may lead one to be reach in ways that are guided by inflexible verbal net inclines. ACT would look at assisting the individual to not be governed rigidly by the thoughts in their head, working instead to uprise ways to much effectively interact with the directly experienced world, quite a than the verbally constructed one in their mind (Sonja, 2011).Acceptance and commitmentWhile the word acceptance may turn in associations for some such as grin and bear it or soldiering on, the word is used differently in ACT. In ACT the word acceptance refers to the leaveingness to experience distressing emotions and experiences that are encountered in the process of behaving in a way which is consistent with ones values (Flaxman and Blackledge, 2010).Commitment refers to a public commitment to a specific value or value-consistent behavior, where the individual acts in accordance with their values. For example, a per son whose value is to be a caring partner may commit to taking their partner out for a meal each week.Solution-focused brief therapySolution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) was developed by Steve De Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in 1986. SFBT be fabricationves that change can come from two primarysources, firstly by getting clients to discuss their preferred future, for example what their lives cleverness look like should therapy be successful and, secondly, by detailing their skills and resources that clients have at their disposal (Macdonald, 2011). SFBT holds that speech and words are very important, and that helping clients remonstrate some their lives in more useful actors line can lead to arbitrary change. One of the major differences between SFBT and other psychotherapies is that while SFBT acknowledged that clients extend to come to therapy to lecture active their problems, the SFBT go away not encourage them to talk about their problems, but quite a to talk about soluti ons (Rafter, Evans and Iveson, 2012).One of the central assumptions of SFBT is that the client get outing choose the goals for therapy and that the client themselves have resources which they will use in making changes (Macdonald, 2011). The therapeutic conversation aims at restoring hope and self-esteem, while trim fretting to a point where people give-up the ghost able to think more widely and creatively about solutions. SFBT holds that high anxiety can restrict cognition and attention to the surrounding environment and that, by reducing anxiety, it would allow for wider thinking about possible approaches to problems, as well as mobilizing their existing strengths and resources to address their want goals (Rafter et al, 2012).Therapeutic relationship and goalsThe therapist adopts a non-expert or not-knowing stance, in which the individual selects the goals and the means to get to the goals. impractical goals may be negotiated with the therapist. Unlike other therapies no ho mework is given and no advice is given as to what should be done next. As Insoo Kim Berg said leave no footprints in the clients life. The word brief in SFBT means that therapy should not last one more session than is necessary. inquiry shows that the average client utilizes 3 to 6 and a half sessions (Macdonald, 2011).The therapist seeks to maintain respectful crotchet about the clients situation. The therapist assumes that change is possible or even inevitable,given the nature of the human existence, this philosophical stand point has its basis in Buddhist teachings, that change is a continual process and stability is only an illusion (Richard, 2011).Assumptions of SFBTDe Shazers 3 rules which underpin SFBT1 If it aint broke dont fix it2 Once you know what works do more of it3 If it doesnt work, dont do it again, do something different (Rafter et al, 2012).All clients are prompt towards something. Clients do not lack motivation and it is the therapists job to uncover what they are motivated towards. Attempting to understand the cause of the problem is not helpful and, in some cases, can be pernicious as clients get caught up in describing their situation in negative language. However fixed a problem cast may be, the client will be winning in some of the solution.Lindas presenting problemLinda has come to counseling, as she appears unsure about the direction her life is heading. There appears to be a gap between what Linda wanted to be and what she perceives herself to be now. She has described issues with her partner, including arguments over marriage. Linda also describes some negative thoughts about herself such as feeling hope slight and not good enough. These thoughts and feeling appears to be very distressing to Linda. Many of these thoughts appear to be related to her new job where is often feels inadequate. Linda has also stated that she has found social interaction less rewarding recently and describes it as pointless.Linda and ACTOne of the f irst steps for Linda would be discussing with the ACT therapisther chosen life values, that is the things that are most important in Lindas life. For example, Linda might decide that being very successful in her work is an important value for her. Once the goal is established the therapist and Linda would look to commit to a pattern of behavior that is in line with the goal of being successful at work. Often scheme and cognitive fusion issues can act as a barrier for clients in achieving their goals.Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusions and LindaWithin ACT, the case formulation is that affective disorders are the result of unsuccessful attempts to escape from challenging undercover events that the individual is unwilling to experience (Zettle, 2004). This is also known as experiential avoidance, which can be define as the process by which individuals engage in strategies designed to alter the frequency or experience of private events, such as thoughts and feelings, memories o r bodily sensations (Sonja, 2011). For example, Linda describes herself as conservative and not much of a risk purportr up to this point in her life Linda has taken jobs that are well within her quilt zone.As such, Linda may have avoided challenging work environments and avoided the pressure and criticism that comes along with these positions. The ACT therapist would focus on a course of work with Linda encouraging her to experience the full spectrum of thoughts, feelings and emotions so she does not feel the need to avoid or escape (Sonja, 2011). In this case pick uping Linda to experience the thought/feeling that she is sometimes not good enough. By facing this thought Linda may become more comfortable with it, and be able to function even in the presence of these distressing thoughts.As experiential avoidance is seen as the underlying cause to psychological distress it stands to reason that the solution would lie in engaging clients in the situations they find difficult. If we accept that life will inevitably have psychologically distressful events and that often these events cannot be avoided, then therapy should help clients accept the distress that arises during life. At the core of RFTs account of language and cognitions is the assumption that the kind of abstract, evaluative wordswe struggle with that claim to capture reality, in fact cannot. Thus, the acceptance part of ACT is not an acceptance of how an individually literally perceives it, but rather the acceptance of his experience as it is, and not how his mind says it is.In this instance ACT would look to lessen the hold of language on the situation. Linda may make the statement Im hopeless, ACT would look to reframe this to Im having thoughts that Im hopeless rather than Im hopeless. Reframing the statement in this way would move Linda away from formation herself as being hopeless to defining herself as a person who sometimes feels hopeless this would hopefully lessen the psychological distr ess and help Linda be more able to move towards her chosen goals.Linda and SFBTSFBT holds that there are two powerful tools to assisting recovery. The first, that prescribed talk about an individuals preferred future will result in positive change and secondly, identifying and highlighting the resources an individual already has at their disposal will better allow the individuals to use those resources. The SFBT therapist may ask Linda What are your best hopes for therapy? thus encouraging problem free talk which is used to enhance the therapeutic alliance (Rafter et al, 2012). Problem free talk can often reduce anxiety and guilt if the therapist enquires about their success and interest as well as the problem. For example Linda has stated that there is a gap between how she is and how she wants to be, the SFBT therapist may ask Can you grade me about a time when your actual self and ideal self were closer together? possibly one of the most famous elements of SFBT is the miracle hesitancy as such it is worth looking at the miracle question in relation to Linda. The miracle question is designed to bring a sense of optimism and play, allowing creative thinking to make out and confirming the goals already identified at the outset (Richard, 2011). The miracle question is designed to encourage the client to talk about the potential positive results of successful treatment. The miracle question is as followsIm going to ask you a kind of strange question now. Suppose pause you go to bed and to sleep tonight as usual pause and while you are asleep a miracle happens pause and the problem that bought you here today look round all present is solved pause. But you are asleep and dont know that it has been solved pause. What will be the first small sign that this miracle has happened and that the problem is solved?When asked the miracle question Linda would be prompted to describe feelings, thoughts or emotions which she wants to have in the future. She may resolving power nearly I guess I might feel more confident in my abilities, I may be more comfortable with who I am and I wouldnt feel so anxious. The SFBT therapist would then seek to expand on this answer by asking what else? while always focusing on the positive elements of the answers. In the above example we see that Linda says I wouldnt feel so anxious the SFBT therapist may respond Well you say you wouldnt feel anxious, so what would you feel? to which Linda would hopefully respond with something positive Id feel calm and satisfied.ACT vs. SFBTThe power of languageBoth ACT and SFBT hold language as a powerful influence on human distress. ACT argues that as human language has become more complex it has also presented humans with new challenges. Specifically how we use language to relate our own self to other people/stimuli. People learn arbitrary ways of evaluating themselves and their experiences in culturally agreed upon ways, for example having no partner means that you are undesira ble, being inadequate is bad and people hold these statements as rules or absolute truths (Sonja, 2011). Take, for example, the statement being inadequate is bad this could lead an individual who has been inadequate to conclude that they themselves are bad, the individual may arrive at this conclusion without acknowledging the subjective and sketchy nature of the statement being inadequate is bad. Humans, according to ACT, come to place too muchvalue in the accuracy of language. Indeed language holds so much power that what is verbally believed is consumed as solid fact (Sonja, 2011).SFBT focuses on a different effect of language on the human condition. While ACT states that its how we relate language to ambiguous stimuli which is the cause of psychological distress, SFBT focus on the use of problem free talk to improve an individuals psychological distress. SFBT holds that talking about solutions rather than the problem will in itself allow for positive change in an individuals li fe. The idea being that time is spent talking about individuals strengths, rather than their problems, will reduce stress. When stress is reduced SFBT holds that clients are more able to access solutions for their problems, as when clients are anxious they have restricted cognitions.The therapeutic relationshipStudies have indicated that the therapeutic alliance has a significant impact on the outcome of treatment (Lambert and Barley, 2002). ACT and SFBT parcel some similar ideas around what the therapeutic relationship should look like. Both approaches believe that the therapist should take a not-knowing position which puts the therapist in the same boat as the client. In ACT the therapist acknowledges that they themselves are human and struggle as well and thus they should be able to apply ACT principals to their own experiences in order to respond consistently and coherently with the model and to form an authentic relationship. If the therapist does not apply the principal to th eir life in and out of the session they may come across as disingenuous (Sonja, 2011).While ACT requires the therapist to buy into the principles they are preaching, SFBT requires the therapist to assume that change is possible and even inevitable, given the nature of human existence. The therapist needs to hold genuine optimism about the possibility of recovery. An SFBT Therapist also uses language matching or language tracking as a means to building a solid therapeutic relationship. Language matching refers to when the therapist uses the clients word for events and situations. If possible thetherapist should use words or phrases the client uses in every statement. It is argued that renaming something amounts to contradicting the clients, which may not be helpful in building relationships.Personal preferenceBoth ACT and SFBT have strong and affective therapeutic intervention styles. In my opinion, it is ACTs unique approach to psychological distress that stands out as the most pow erful. The idea that part of being human involves times of psychological distress resonates strongly with my own set of ideas. Indeed trying to restrict unpleasant psychological experiences seems in some ways to be unnatural, and against what it is to be human. Helping people to live and function in the presence of distressing emotions seems a more worthwhile pursuit than attempting to eliminate or restrict unpleasant experiences. In modern society there is an obsession with the idea that people should be happy all the time and this creates a situation whereby people who do not feel happy feel bad about not being happy and thus compound their misery.The central idea of SFBT, that the therapeutic session should be centered on solutions rather than the problems is a clever tweak on the traditional approach to therapy. In my opinion, it makes sense to spend more time talking about what resources an individual might have and engaging in positive speak rather than talking at length about what is going wrong. Psychodynamic therapists have long said if you name an emotion in a session, then soon that emotion will appear, often accompanied by memories and experiences connected to it, therefore it stands to reason that if the problem is discussed at length this will be accompanied by the negative thoughts and emotions experienced with it, equally if the solution is discussed the thoughts and emotions may be more positive and foster hope. I feel that this technique could be easily amalgamated into other therapeutic frameworks. It would also be personally more enjoyable to the therapist to be discussing positive solutions, rather than expenditure all the time listening to problems.ConclusionBoth ACT and SFBT offer a unique take of traditional psychotherapies. ACT helps individuals in achieving their chosen life goals even in the face of psychological distress and difficulties, while SFBT approaches psychological distress in a unique way by focusing less on the distress itself but rather the solutions and resources the individual has available to themselves. For Linda, ACT would entail some scene of her fears of criticism, in order for her to achieve her goal of professional person success, ACT would help her deal with the inevitable professional criticism which occurs in high pressure jobs. While SFBT would lessen Lindas anxieties with solution focused talk, which in turn would mean that Linda could more affectively assess her personal resources and apply them to achieving her goals.ReferencesBatten, Sonja V. (2011). Essentials of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Retrieved from http//www.eblib.comCorsini, Raymon., Wedding, Danny. (2014). Current Psychotherapies. join States of America Brooks/Cole.Flaxman, Paul E. Blackledge, J.T. 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