Contemporary management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary management - Essay Example So, the level of preference for social media enhanced to a significant extent thereby amplifying its prospects, in the entire world. The similar technique is used by a reputed organization of United States of America named Starbucks so as to increase the level of awareness of its customers and shareholders regarding its strategies and policies (Beall, 2010, pp. 131-133). Starbucks is one of the popular and leading coffee retailers, operating its functions significantly from Seattle of United States of America. After its introduction, very easily it expanded in almost 55 countries that enhanced its brand value and market share to a certain extent. Along with this, it owned almost 17,000 stores in the entire world so as to present world best coffee to its customers at a competitive cost. The prime desire behind such a strategy is to enhance its range of customers thereby amplifying its profitability and sustainability in future era (Hansen, 2012). Apart from this, Starbucks also desired to enhance its reputation and identity by offering high attention over the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This proved extremely effective for the organization in both current and future aspects. In order to enhance the competitive advantage of the organization of Starbucks, its management decided to present the best coffee to its customers. However, to do so, it presented varying types of flavours that enhanced the level of preference of the customers. This became possible only due to the promotion of the flavours of Starbucks through the online sites and social media partners such as face-book, Twitter, linkedIn and many others. As a result of which, the level of awareness of the customers enhanced that improved the profitability of the organization by a significant extent. Thus, this strategy acted positively over

Analyse Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay Example for Free

Analyse Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay These two findings are very important as they provide the reader with shocking information. This is because we discover that Mr and Mrs Stapleton are actually husband and wife. Even more we realise that Mr and Mrs Stapleton are actually the Vandeleurs. As a result of this great deception the finger points to Mr and Mrs Stapleton as being the murderers. This information is the most vital information which will help to solve the mystery. There are points in the novel where events simply provide Watson and Holmes with information. The events which provide information are almost always false leads which create a sense of uncertainty as to who is the criminal. Go back to London! Start tonight! Hush my brother is coming! chapter 7 This quote is said by Miss. Stapleton to Dr. Watson as she mistakes him for Sir Henry. This prompts Watson to investigate further into the Stapletons as it is very mysterious as to why she would like Sir Henry to go back to London. This is because she doesnt want her brother Mr. Stapleton to find out that she has said this and when she discovers that she was actually talking to Watson she takes back her comment. This was actually a false lead as we discover in the later part of the investigation, which was put in by Conan Doyle so the reader is kept in suspense as to whether she had a hand in the death of Sir Charles until the di nouement. Even though there is the interviewing of people in THOTB, they dont provide their own version of events of the crime. Dr. Mortimer is the only person who really provides Holmes with information of what he thought happened at the murder scene. Conan Doyle has used a different approach to the nature of the investigation because most of the information is gathered behind the scenes or events provide information. By doing this Conan Doyle has made his novel unique and perhaps more interesting than the typical investigation as there is a greater anticipation as to whom the killer could be. Sherlock Holmes fits the profile of a classic detective very well and this is evident in THOTB from the start of the novel. The detective is usually more or less socially isolated and referred to as a loner. We can see this in THOTB from the fact that Holmes only socialises with Watson, but then one could argue that he only socialises with Watson because he enhances his intellect by comparison. Holmes does not have any family and the fact that he rests upon the moor for a lengthy period of time suggests that he is used to being alone. I knew that seclusion and solitude were very necessary for my friend in these hours of intense mental concentration in which he weighed every particle of evidence

Causes of Epidemic Diseases

Causes of Epidemic Diseases Throughout the history of mankind there have been many diseases that have spread quickly becoming an epidemic, a lot of these diseases are preventable if only individuals had access to important information pertaining to the spread of the disease. There are many ways to prevent the spread of these diseases and there are many different types of disease with multiple symptoms. According to Medicine.net, an epidemic is the occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community or region during a given time period, a sudden severe outbreak of a disease such as SARS. Also epidemic diseases are the classification of a disease that occur as a new case in human population through spreading quickly and extensively by infection, so these kinds of diseases affect many individuals in an area at the same time. Generally epidemic diseases appear and high rate in crowed population, where health conditions are bad and medicinal services can not provided such as in underdeveloped countries, particularly in Africa. There are some famous examples for epidemic diseases, such as the Black Death during the Medieval Europe and the Great Influenza Pandemic that occurred by the end of First World War. But today, AIDS and Bird Flu are two dangerous epidemic diseases, and lets not forget Ebola Hemorrhagic, West Nile, Mad cow, small pox and H1N1 swine flu. These diseases have been a global problem which has threatened all individuals in the world. AIDS has become a pandemic and has killed millions young and old. According to Burke Weill, AIDS is a disease that attacks the immune system leading to susceptibility to opportunistic infection and eventually death. AIDS is a great example of a disease which became an epidemic and eventually a pandemic. Additionally, epidemic diseases have occurred as a result of three important factors, which are agent, host, and environment. That is, agents are the cause of epidemic diseases and host increase the effects of diseases and environmental situations permit host e xposure to the agent. â€Å"The year 1918 embodied one of the greatest epidemics in the history of mankind. By years end, 50 million innocent lives would be taken by a virus, including over 600,000 in the United States alone (Simonsen, 1997). The virus was influenza and it spanned the entire globe in 1918. It is known as the worst influenza epidemic ever. The virus caused sickness, death, and grief to every part of the world. One of the most shocking aspects of the 1918 influenza virus was how quickly and easily it spread. One person infected with the virus could spread it to hundreds by simply coughing. What made matters and the spread of the virus worse was World War I (CDC). During the Great War, influenza afflicted military personnel from the United States were shipped all over the North America, Europe, and other various continents spreading the disease. Therefore, this paper will argue that the United States military was a major contributing factor to the spread of the Influenza virus in 1918.† Before the emergence of SARS-CoV, no efforts were put into the search for antiviral drugs against corona viruses. The rapid transmission and high mortality rate made SARS a global threat for which no efficacious therapy was available and empirical strategies had to be used to treat the patients. According to wikipedia.org, new insights into the field of the SARS-CoV genome structure and pathogenesis revealed novel potential anti-corona virus targets. Several proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV could be considered as targets for therapeutic intervention: the spike protein, the main protease, the NTPase/helicase, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and different other viral protein-mediated processes. Potential anti-SARS-CoV drugs are currently being developed in vivo. The development of effective drugs against SARS-CoV may also provide new strategies for the prevention or treatment of other corona virus diseases in animals or humans. Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV suggesting an important role for neutralizing antibodies. One important property of future vaccine candidates is the ability to give protection against multiple variant strains of SARS-CoV, especially in senescent populations that are most at risk for severe disease. SARS may be suspected in a patient who has: any of the symptoms, including a fever of 38  °C (100.4  °F) or higher, and either a history of: contact (sexual or casual) with someone with a diagnosis of SARS within the last 10 days or travel to any of the regions identified by the who as areas with recent local transmission of SARS (affected regions as of 10 May 2003 were parts of China, Hong Kong, Singapore and the province of Ontario, Canada) (Smith, 2006). Mad cow disease is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection. Mad cow disease† is a fatal and communicable brain disease of cows that has a very long incubation period. Decades after infection, the brains of infected cattle develop numerous small cavities as nerve cells die. The holes produce a marked spongy appearance that gives the disease its scientific name, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (txtwriter.com). Central nervous system function is progressively degraded, until death eventually occurs. Many people have got this disease and died. In addition, mad cow disease is caused by consumption of infected meat. Unfortunately there is no cure for mad cow disease. The origin of smallpox is uncertain, but it is believed to have originated in Africa and then spread to India and China thousands of years ago. The first recorded smallpox epidemic was in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. Epidemics occurred in the North American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Millions of people died in Europe and Mexico as a result of widespread smallpox epidemics. The vaccine that was created for small pox is called dryvax. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, which is spread through close contact with a person who has symptoms of the disease. A person with smallpox has infected saliva, and face-to-face contact can spread the virus. The virus could also be spread through other body fluids and contaminated clothing or bed linen. Smallpox is highly contagious, and people who have it are most infectious during the first week of illness (Meadows, 2003). The symptoms of small pox are as follows; high fever, fatigue, headaches, backaches, and vomiting; in addition, a rash on the face, arms, legs and other areas of the body. The rash turns into raised bumps that become pus-filled blisters (Meadows, 2003). Scabs develop and usually fall off three to four weeks later. There is no proven treatment that exists for smallpox. However, people with smallpox are given intravenous fluids and medicine to control fever and pain, and antibiotics are given to prevent or treat possible bacterial infections. Two treatments for smallpox–Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG) and cidofovir–are being studied and could be given under investigational new drug protocols (Meadows, 2003). Swine Flu symptoms are; cough sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, fatigue, and sometimes diarrhea and vomiting. The vaccine for swine flu is called the H1N1 vaccine. However, the treatment for swine flu is a medication called tamiflu and relenza. The dose for this medication is seventy-five milligrams twice a day for five day, which is for someone that has been diagnosed with swine flu. On the other hand, a person that was exposed to it would tale tamiflu seventy-five milligrams once a day for ten days. There have been many diseases throughout history that have become an epidemic and a lot of these diseases are preventable. The epidemic diseases have occurred as a result of three important factors, which are agent, host, and environment. In addition, the influenza virus of 1918 is known as the worst influenza epidemic ever killing 50 million people and it spread from the United States to parts of North America, Europe, and other various continents. SARS-CoV has a rapid transmission and high mortality rate. This in turn, made SARS a global threat for which no efficacious therapy was available. Before its emergence, no efforts were put into the search for antiviral drugs against corona viruses. Now Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV. There is not a cure for small pox and other epidemic diseases. The medical community treats the diseases the best they can and the best way to combat diseases is to prevent the disease from spreading. References  ·Seasonal Influenza: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3273 disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm Simonsen L et al. The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87(12):1944-1950. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome#Research http://txtwriter.com/Onscience/Articles/europemadcow1.html Meadows, Michelle. 2003. An Update on Smallpox.Retrieved from: http://www.mamashealth.com/infect/smallpox.asp Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Journal of Social Science and Medicine, 63, 3113-3123

Peyton Place :: essays research papers

In 1956, a woman from middle class Manchester, New Hampshire wrote a book that shocked the nation. At 32 years old, Grace Metalious wrote the blockbuster novel Peyton Place. It transformed the publishing industry and made the author one of the most talked about people in the nation. Metalious wrote about incest, abortion, sex, rape, adultery, repression, lust, and the secrets of small town New England, things that were never discussed before in conservative America. She interpreted incest, wife beating, and poverty as social failures instead of individual flops. When Metalious published Peyton Place, the country was in the grasp of a new wave of sexual panic. The book turned the "private" into the "political." The avant-garde disturbed the country and critics called the book "wicked," "sordid," and "cheap." Canada declared it indecent and made the importation of the book illegal. Parts of Rhode Island, Indiana, and Nebraska followed suit arguing that the book would corrupt young minds. Wealthy communities banished Peyton Place. To read Peyton Place was to read it in secret and were sometimes discussed only among the closest of friends. Everyone was reading it - college and high school students, college graduates, mothers, wives, and even husbands and fathers. In 1956, a sexual act such as sodomy, oral sex, and intercourse with another married person in most states was illegal. Also, abortion was illegal, and birth control was unreliable and in many cases, difficult to find. To many critics, Metalious’ book was not scandalous because of its case in point, but because of the sexual pleasures that were received and given by the female characters. Peyton Place begins with Indian summer in 1939. It takes place in a very descriptive, postcardesque New England town. The main story focuses on three women characters and their underlying search for their identities as sexual women in small town America. Allison Mackenzie is the bastard daughter of Constance Mackenzie who had an affair with a married man. She illegally changed Allison’s birth certificate and lied to the Peyton Place locals that her husband died. Connie didn’t want any of the town folk to find out the truth that the father of her child was a married man because she would become the town gossip of ridicule. She kept this secret to herself, and only to herself until an argument between her and Allison occurred when Connie thought Allison was having sex with one of her friends, and so she lashed out the truth to Allison.

Exploring Online Consumer Behaviors Essay

The overall objective of this research was to document people’s reactions, attitudes, motivations, and behaviors that have affected online purchasing behaviors. The World Wide Web has been accessible to the public now for over twenty years. It came upon the world and exploded in popularity like few things have done in the history of the world. The purpose of this research is to understand how individual behaviors affect online consumerism. According to Hawkins and Mothersbaugh (2010) online consumer behavior can be defined as â€Å"the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the process they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideals to satisfy needs† and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society†. There are many variables to consider when outlining behaviors of internet consumerism. Three main factors are affected by behaviors of online consumers, â€Å"attitudes towards online shopping, motivations, such as price, convenience and hedonic motivations, and online information search† (Vazquez & Xu, 2009). If a person has a positive experience of shopping on the internet, then their attitude will affect the outcome of purchasing online. Online consumers feel more in control when they can search with relative ease of low prices and special offers. A great motivation of online shopping is the comparison of prices, more information is available online concerning the products, which allows the consumer to make better decisions. The problem of online consumers is important and requires further research, because online shopping could become the way of shopping for most of the world. In contrast to this scenario, is the fact that we are losing our ability to maintain a high level of customer service on- site. The employees many shoppers encounter seem more to be filling a spot than actively engaging in helping consumers with purchases or becoming knowledgeable about what they sell. Online consumerism is not however without its apprehensions. Research conducted by Janda, stated in her article that there were, â€Å"four consumer online concerns identified, privacy, security, credibility, and virtual experience† all having negative effects on consumer purchasing (2008, p. 339). Online consumers are worried about their personal information being collected when purchasing on the internet. The transference of information makes some consumers nervous and they do not want to take the risk. Shipping and return policies is also a major concern along with the credibility of the online retailers when looking into the merchandise descriptions. Consumers that had more experience with navigating the internet felt safer and comfortable while using the internet at their residence or on the job, rather than using community computers (Koyuncu & Lien, 2003, p. 721). Another negative behavioral pattern documented is that of compulsive buying tendencies. These tendencies to over buy can have detrimental effects on the consumer, notably affecting monies, feelings, and relationships. According to â€Å"The Relationships Between Consumers’ Tendencies to Buy Compulsively and Their Motivation to Shop and Buy on the Internet,† Somewhere between five and nine percent of America’s population could be identified as people who have a propensity to compulsively buy (Kukar-Kinney, Ridgeway, & Monroe, 2009). Motivators of this type of behavior include the very key ingredients of online shopping. These motivations are the following items that may be purchased at any time, shopping can be done frequently, a broader variety ex ist, and also purchases may be brought in private. According to this research the following results show that, â€Å"search costs were the most important motivation, followed by product assortment/price, brand equity, transaction costs, customer orientation, and perceived quality. The least important motivation associated with online auction behaviors was social interaction. (Jeon, Crustsinger, & Kim, 2008, p. 36). To determine which factors and variables are associated with online consumer behaviors, several questionnaires will be emailed to a random chosen amount of email participants. The questionnaire will explore which factors and variables have an impact on online behaviors. 1. What factors and variables identify the behaviors of online consumers? 2. What strategies can be formulated to control online behaviors and purchasing? References Hawkins, D., & Mothersbaugh, D. (2010). Consumer behavior and marketing Strategy. In Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy (11thED.) Columbus, Ohio: McGraw- Hill. Janda, S. (2008). Does gender moderate the effect of online concerns on purchase likelihood? Journal of Internet Commerce, 7(3), 339-358. doi: 10.1080/15332860802250401 Jeon, S., Crustsinger, C., & Kim, H. (2008). Exploring online auction behaviors and motivations. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 100(2), 31-40. doi: 1082-1651 Koyuncu, C., & Lien, D. (2003). E-commerce and consumer’s purchasing behavior. Journal of Applied Economics, 35(6), 721. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA102272684&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Kukar-Kinney, M., Ridgway, N., & Monroe, K. (2009). The relationship between consumers’ tendencies to buy compulsively and their motivations to shop and buy on the internet: Consumer Behavior and Retailing. Journal of Retailing, 85(3), 298-307. doi: 10.1016/j.jretai.2009.05.002 Vazquez, D., & Xu, X. (2009). Investigating linkages between online purchase behaviour variables. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(5), 408. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/10.1108/09590550910954900 References Janda, S. (2008). Does gender moderate the effect of online concerns on purchase? likelihood? Journal of Internet Commerce, 7(3), 339-358. Jeon, S., Crustsinger, C., & Kim, H. (2008). Exploring online auction behaviors and motivations. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 100(2), 31-40. Koyuncu, C., & Lien, D. (2003). E-commerce and consumer’s purchasing behavior. Journal of Applied Economics, 35(6), 721. Kukar-Kinney, M., Ridgway, N., & Monroe, K. (2009). The relationship between consumers’ tendencies to buy compulsively and their motivations to

Research on Dribbling and Passing

Research on Dribbling and Passing Submitted By: Andro Joseph Dela Cruz Basketball dribbling skills Basketball dribbling skills are something that you have to work at to obtain, maintain and improve. Most everyone knows how to dribble a basketball, but not everyone can dribble like a pro. When you first begin to learn dribbling techniques you will learn that you don’t dribble with the palm of your hand, dribbling a basketball is done with the tips of your fingers. You will use your forearm and wrist to balance the ball as you learn to dribble with using the tips of your fingers.Your coach will usually put together a different basketball practice plan for the team each practice. This will assist each player individually and as a unit to improve both their individual and team skills. Don’t just stop with scheduled practices if you truly want to improve your skills and control on the court. On your own you can start by running dribbling drills. Remember to keep your weight on the balls of your feet and in the ready position. As you continue to learn and improve your foot and dribbling control on the court as an individual player, you will begin to show your improved skills as a team player.Your team members may also want to run drills with you after practice, or just play for fun. These are other ways for you to learn potential opposing team types of moves and learn different offensive techniques. A team works together toward the goal of winning, but they also work together offensively to help prepare each other for what the opposing team may be bringing to the court. Protect the Ball When dribbling against a defender, ALWAYS protect the ball with your body. You can do this by dribbling with your left hand when you are going left and your right hand when you are going right.This will force the defender to reach across your body to attempt a steal. Developing your â€Å"off† hand It is important to work right from the start at developing both ha nd equally well. When practicing your ball handling, make sure that you practice at least as much with your weak hand as you do your strong hand, eventually increasing to twice as much with your weak hand. Coaches like†¦ Coaches like a person who: 1) can dribble with both hands 2) doesn? t try to show off for no reason 3) isn? t afraid to make the extra pass to get a teammate more open than you are.And if coaches like you, then they tell other coaches. Word spreads very quickly and just by doing the little things you can have a name for yourself in no time. Keep Your Head Up When doing all drills involving dribbling, it is extremely important that you keep your head up. You must be able to see where you are going and where your teammates are so you can pass them the ball when they are open. Speed Dribble The speed dribble is used to advance the ball quickly up the floor, against little or no defensive pressure.The dribblers hand should be behind the ball pushing it in front, th en running to catch up. This prevents a â€Å"palming† or â€Å"carrying over† violation. The speed dribble in the open floor can be a little higher than other dribbles. Control dribble moves should be around the knee, but a speed dribble can be waist high. Power dribbling-Dirt dribbling This drill actually requires you to leave the basketball court and find a patch of dirt. Do a Power dribble on the dirt for 1 or 2 minutes. You will need to power dribble the ball even harder than usual in order to get the ball to bounce on the dirt.This drill is an extremely good arm workout with power dribbling. Dribbling to avoid pressure By dribbling the ball over half court on the sideline, you are giving the defense an advantage. They can set up their help side defense or trap you. Change directions and it helps relieve some pressure. As often as possible, bring the ball up the middle of the court and NEVER pick up your dribble in the corners. Passing 1)  Two-Handed Chest Pass Overview This is the most effective and efficient pass you can use. It can be used successfully from anywhere on the court.Use this pass whenever possible because it's the fastest way to advance the ball to teammates. Fundamentals Place each hand on either side of the ball and spread the fingers evenly. Fully extend your arms as you push the ball out from your chest and snap your wrists outward so that the back of your hands are now facing each other. You'll get a good rotation on the ball when you snap your wrists. This makes the ball easier to handle for the receiver. Be sure the pass is thrown crisply with the ball remaining parallel with the floor.You want the pass to arrive at your receiver above the waist and below the shoulders. 2)  Two-Handed Bounce Pass Overview This type of pass is good on the fast break, to a teammate in the post, under a defender, to a teammate making a back-door cut, on out-of-bounds plays, etc. A lot of times, players will make a shot or high-pass fa ke before making the bounce pass. The bounce pass is the slowest pass available. Fundamentals Use the same grip and motion with this basketball pass as you did with the chest pass. The ball should hit the floor about two-thirds of the way to the receiver.To be more accurate, step toward that spot. You want to hit your teammate between the knees and waist. A backspin is good to use to give the receiver a longer lead. Push the thumbs throught the ball to achieve the backspin. A forward spin can be used to get the ball through a narrow opening and to produce a quicker pass. You'll need to be more accurate when using a forward spin but if you can perfect it, it will add more to your game. 3)  Two-Handed Overhead Pass Overview This is an effective basketball passing option for every player on the court.Players often use it to start a fast break, forwards will use it to hit post players or guards cutting off the post, guards use it to hit the post, centers and players receiving high pas ses use it to make a quick return pass or pass off. This type of pass is easy to control and helps you keep the ball away from your defender. Fundamentals Position your hands on the sides of the ball with your fingers pointed up. Your thumbs should be on the back of the ball and pointing in toward one another. Bring the ball up above your head (be sure your hands go straight up, not up and back over your head).Release the ball with a quick snap of your wrists and fingers like on a chest pass. It's usually good to make a slight step forward with the foot of your strong arm side. 4)  Push Pass Overview This pass is used most often to advance the ball down the floor in order to set up the offense or to get the ball through or past a close-guarding defender (usually to a cutter). The bounce pass version is good for passes to a cutter on fast breaks or reverses, many out-of-bounds plays, to a post player or to pass under a defender. Fundamentals Hold ball chest high.Spread your fingers on each side with thumbs directly behind, but a bit toward the top of the ball and pointing toward one another. Keep elbows close in. The force of the ball is provided with a quick snap of your wrist, fingers and elbows. You should move forward with your body crouched a bit. Step forward with your passing-hand-side foot and push off with your non-passing-hand-side foot. You can use a direct or bounce pass. Direct pass should reach receiver between the waist and shoulders and bounce pass should hit the floor about two thirds of the way to receiver and arrive between the knees and waist. )  Off-the-Dribble Pass One of the quickest basketball passing options because there's really no set-up with it. As you're dribbling, instead of bouncing the ball back to the floor for another dribble, move your hand behind the ball and push it towards a teammate as a pass. It's hard for defenders to steal this one because they're expecting a dribble instead of the pass. 6)  Baseball Pass Effecti ve for long passes to a cutter or to inbound the ball quickly after allowing a score. Place the ball high above the side of your head with the passing hand behind the ball while the other hand is in front of and slightly under the ball.Be sure the fingers of each hand are pointed upward and your thumbs are pointing inward over your head. Plant your rear foot and step toward the receiver with your front foot. Try to keep both hands on the ball as long as possible and throw the ball with a quick wrist snap and arm thrust. As you follow through, snap your wrist straight down so the ball doesn't curve on you. 7)  Behind-the-Back Pass A basketball passing technique that can work wonders when done well or end up terrible if done wrong or carelessly.So make sure you practice this one to perfection and only use it when the situation warrants it. This pass can be used off the dribble, standing still or while moving toward the basket and is used often with two-on-one fast breaks. If you can deliver this pass correctly, it will be very difficult for your opponent to defend. Cup the ball in your hand. Swing your arm behind your back with the elbow bent, fingers pointed down and your thumb pointed toward your back. Release the ball with a whip of your arm and a quick wrist and finger snap

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinct meaning, such as the s of sing and the r of ring. Adjective: phonemic. Phonemes are language-specific. In other words, phonemes that are functionally distinct in English (for example, /b/ and /p/) may not be so in another language.  (Phonemes are customarily written between slashes, thus /b/ and /p/.) Different languages have different phonemes. Etymology: From the Greek, sound Pronunciation: FO-neem Examples and Observations The central concept in phonology is the phoneme, which is a distinctive category of sounds that all the native speakers of a language or dialect perceive as more or less the same...[A]lthough the two [k] sounds in kicked are not identical- the first one is pronounced with more aspiration than the second- they are heard as two instances of [k] nonetheless...Since phonemes are categories rather than actual sounds, they are not tangible things; instead, they are abstract, theoretical types or groups that are only psychologically real. (In other words, we cannot hear phonemes, but we assume they exist because of how the sounds in languages pattern as they are used by speakers.) (Thomas E. Murray, The Structure of English:  Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology. Allyn and Bacon,  1995)Two points need to be stressed: (1) the most important property of a phoneme is that it contrasts with the other phonemes in the system, and hence (2) we can only speak of the phoneme of some particular speec h variety (a particular accent of a particular language). Languages differ in the number of phonemes they distinguish...but every valid word in every language necessarily consists of some permissible sequence of that languages phonemes. (R.L. Trask,  A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge, 2004) An Alphabetical Analogy: Phonemes and Allophones The concepts of phoneme and allophone become clearer by analogy with the letters of the alphabet. We recognize that a symbol is a despite considerable variations in size, colour, and (to a certain extent) shape. The representation of the letter a is affected in handwriting by the preceding or following letters to which it is joined. Writers may form the letter idiosyncratically and may vary their writing according to whether they are tired or in a hurry or nervous. The variants in the visual representations are analogous to the allophones of a phoneme, and what is distinctive in contrast to other alphabetic letters is analogous to the phoneme. (Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Differences Between Members of a Phoneme We cannot rely on the spelling to tell us whether two sounds are members of different phonemes. For example...the words key and car begin with what we can regard as the same sound, despite the fact that one is spelled with the letter k and the other with c. But in this case, the two sounds are not exactly the same...If you whisper just the first consonants in these two words, you can probably hear the difference, and you may be able to feel that your tongue touches the roof of the mouth in a different place for each word. This example shows that there may be very subtle differences between members of a phoneme. The sounds at the beginning of key and car are slightly different, but it is not a difference that changes the meaning of a word in English. They are both members of the same phoneme. (Peter Ladefoged and Keith Johnson, A Course in Phonetics, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2011)

Future of Napster essays

Future of Napster essays With a meager year and a half existence, Napster has revolutionized the music industry with its leading person-to-person file sharing community. Shawn Fanning, who at the time was an eighteen year-old freshman at Boston's Northeastern University, founded Napster in May 1999. With over 38 million users, Napster is the fastest growing community in the history of the Internet. This number will likely increase in the future as Napster's popularity continues to escalate. According to an October study conducted by Webnoize, the leading authority on the digital entertainment economy, 69% of college students surveyed are monthly users of Napster, while 43% use Napster on a weekly basis. As a result, Napster has captured the attention of venture capitalists who have acted quickly to secure their investment last spring. Napster's unique ability to offer an easy-to-use, high quality service has granted the company an unprecedented position in the music industry. Unofficially valued at more than $100 billion, it is no surprise that Napster and Shawn Fanning have been the recipient of numerous industry awards for technology, innovation and marketing. Not only can users search for new music by sharing music files among members free of charge, Napster enables them to communicate with one another through instant messaging, chat rooms, and Hot List User Bookmarks. By providing its users with free access to music file sharing, the accountability of Napster has become a topic of serious debate. Currently, Napster is engaged in a serious legal battle with charges of violating copyright infringement laws. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is representing five major record labels, including Bertelsmann who argue that Napster's service is illegal because no fees are paid for use of their music. However, Napster argues that it is protected by the "safe harbor" provision of the 1998 Digital Millenium Copyright Act, which states that In ...

Drawing from key readings (e.g., Chandler, 1990 Hoskin et al, 2006 Essay

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Social Work - case example Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Work - case example - Essay Example Crises are basically an opportunity for growth when resolved properly as persons in crisis are more open to adapting new problem solving skills. However, when coping mechanisms do not work and crisis is left unresolved, that is when problems arise. Moreover, unresolved crisis will further make the person more likely to be unable to resolve future issues (Crisis Intervention 2006). In this paper, we will tackle on the case of the fifteen-year-old Con who ran away from home and now seeks guidance and counseling. As a social worker in charge of Con’s case, it is best to fully understand his situation and do proper assessment before a suitable intervention can be formulated. Relating the concept on crisis, we will assume that Con is a teenager undergoing crisis. The issues that revolve around him constitute the array of circumstances that bring about his crisis. Con is classified as an adolescent as he is fifteen years of age. As an adolescent, Con faces a series of challenges which may have brought about the predicament he now faces. In Con’s case, his act of running away from home may be a manifestation of the rebellion that is likely of children his age that may be the result of the changes he is undergoing at present (Adolescent Psychology). Moreover, the distant relationship he feels towards his parents along with his closeness to his peers can be the result of his struggle to establish his own identity and his quest for independence. Being in the stage of puberty, Con is placed under a lot of pressure and the increasing anxiety that he experiences in response to all the pressures can trigger a maturational crisis. Hence, the crisis he faces causes him to feel elevated levels of anxiety that might have been the cause for his behavioral manifestations. In order to help Con, interventions must then be focused on correcting the maladaptive behaviors he manifests so that he can function

Briefly outline the North and South divide in UK with the Essay

Briefly outline the North and South divide in UK with the representation of it in Brassed off - Essay Example ile attention is paid first to a variety of social, economic and political indicators of these persistent divisions and of the more complex mosaic of in equality that underlies them†. In the particular paper it is the country’s North-South divide that is going to be analyzed mainly through the film â€Å"Brassed off†. In fact, the North-South divide in England is not a recent phenomenon. This situation appeared in the country approximately in the beginning of 21st century. Doran et al. (2004, 1043) who studied the specific issue found that the North-South divide in England was mainly expressed through a significant differentiation in health services provided to the local populations. For this reason Doran et al. made a research using as a sample seven social classes in the areas under examination using as a criterion the health services available in the relevant regions and found that â€Å"the widest health gap between social classes, however, was in Scotland and London, adding another dimension to the policy debate on resource allocation and targets to tackle the health divide† (2004, 1043) The reasons for the existence of this phenomenon can be many. In accordance with the study of Morgan (2006) the political decisions taken by the parties throughout the years should be considered as the main causes of this situation. Referring especially to the Labour party Morgan supported that â€Å"one of the unintended consequences of devolution under New Labour is that it might make it more difficult to secure territorial justice between the nations and regions of the United Kingdom; centralized regional policy, the aim of which was to promote economic equity between the regions, has been replaced by a devolved regional policy that aims to promote an economic dividend within each region however in the unlikely event that devolution yields a uniform economic dividend in each region, the result does nothing to redress the territorial inequalities at the heart of the

Adapting Curriculum for Multicultural Classrooms Coursework - 1

Adapting Curriculum for Multicultural Classrooms - Coursework Example As the report declares it is very difficult for some to adapt to the American mainstream curriculum due to their diversity. Consequently, the current curriculum has very little aspects of diversity. It mostly suits the dominant group that is mainly the students of American origin, especially those who grew in uptown cities. Therefore, it is very difficult for the other students to identify with the American culture and thus learning is hindered. For example, students from Vietnam have very different passive learning patterns in relation to their American counterparts. Subsequently, teachers and other students don’t understand this and therefore view the Vietnamese as dump and stupid. The traditional curriculum also views Israeli students to be rude and obnoxious because they have a culture of openly criticizing a teacher when they feel like he is saying something wrong. These cultural aspects are affecting learning of the students. The teachers too have a hard way since they u se the same teaching approach to such a different and diversified group. As such, it is necessary to address cultural diversity so as to create a balance and address the learning needs of all the students. This discussion emphases that the plan to adapt the curriculum to include all students and families was developed to counter the problem of diversity. The traditional curriculum will be altered to even include subject content to include a multi-culture content.

Life span development of Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Life span development of - Essay Example Nearly four months into her pregnancy my wife, reported feeling movements of the baby and the ultra sound scan confirmed that we were to have a girl child. The movements of the fetus in the womb of my wife became more and more pronounced, as the pregnancy progressed into the third trimester. Frequent kicks and shoves seemed to present themselves, which were lulled by wife reacting by attempting to soothe the fetus with her touch. My wife she developed a practice of holding long conversations with fetus. The remarkable feeling was there appeared to be responses from the fetus to the voice of my wife. On July 6, 1981 Nitya Miranda emerged, as the most beautiful baby, I had ever seen. My wife and I were thankful that she was a normal baby. The first few months saw Nitya grow from a fragile baby into a tireless toddler. Her motor skills developed fast and she was quick to stand and walk and then run. That was when it became a merry hell for my wife and me to keep up with her antics. It was also the time when we discovered that she had inherited febrile fits from me and so needed extra care at times of illness in keeping the fever down. By then we had our second child, a son. I observed the protective nature of my wife, when she started to pay less attention to her younger child and became protective of the Nitya, to try as far as possible to prevent her from getting an infection. Nitya was an inquisitive child, opening any unlocked cupboards she could reach or climbing on to chairs and stools to reach things. She also recognized that her mother preferred to sleep with her, when she was ill and gradually made use of this opportunity to get out her bed and slowly creep into the bed next to her mother on a regular basis. I was the bread winner of the family, while my wife tended to the children and the domestic chores. Mine was a marketing job, which required days away from home. In spite of all the attention my wife gave

RESORT MANAGEMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Adapting Curriculum for Multicultural Classrooms Coursework - 1

Adapting Curriculum for Multicultural Classrooms - Coursework Example As the report declares it is very difficult for some to adapt to the American mainstream curriculum due to their diversity. Consequently, the current curriculum has very little aspects of diversity. It mostly suits the dominant group that is mainly the students of American origin, especially those who grew in uptown cities. Therefore, it is very difficult for the other students to identify with the American culture and thus learning is hindered. For example, students from Vietnam have very different passive learning patterns in relation to their American counterparts. Subsequently, teachers and other students don’t understand this and therefore view the Vietnamese as dump and stupid. The traditional curriculum also views Israeli students to be rude and obnoxious because they have a culture of openly criticizing a teacher when they feel like he is saying something wrong. These cultural aspects are affecting learning of the students. The teachers too have a hard way since they u se the same teaching approach to such a different and diversified group. As such, it is necessary to address cultural diversity so as to create a balance and address the learning needs of all the students. This discussion emphases that the plan to adapt the curriculum to include all students and families was developed to counter the problem of diversity. The traditional curriculum will be altered to even include subject content to include a multi-culture content.

RESORT MANAGEMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Great Ideologies Stemming Out From Chaos Essay Example for Free

Great Ideologies Stemming Out From Chaos Essay Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Paine, three great political philosophers, all view the nature of man and society as anarchical, which is a state of lawlessness or political disorder due to the absence of governmental authority, making it â€Å"war of all against all†. The utopian society of individuals enjoys complete freedom without government, wherein there is a display of a lack of morality for most of the time. In the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes presented the political state as a Leviathan—a sea monster. As a metaphor for the state, it is described as a replica of a person whose body is made up of all the bodies of its citizens, who are the literal members of the Leviathans body, and placing the sovereign as the head. In order for them to escape this natural condition, the people in the state constructed the Leviathan through social contract wherein they give up certain natural rights and transfer them to another person of authority. In turn, the power of the Leviathan protects them from the abuses of one another. The source of inequality comes from the scarcity of resources. If one looks around at other animals—Hobbes specifically notes ants and bees—they appear to live harmoniously with one another without any sort of state or society. If they can do so, then why cant men who are, after all, â€Å"animals† themselves? Hobbes discussed several reasons as to why men cannot live this way: the main one being that men are rational creatures. If we lived in some pre-societal concord with others, reason would always devise ways for us to cheat and make ourselves better off than others in order for us to survive. Furthermore, as we humans possess speech, we are able to mislead one another about our wants and desires. Hobbes also claims that animals naturally agree with one another while humans do not, and the reason for this essentially is because man is competitive in nature and therefore views everyone around him as a threat. Therefore, the government is created to provide order and regulation. For Hobbes, the best form of government is monarchy for four reasons: first, since humans will always choose the private over the public good, the best way to ensure peace when choosing a sovereign is to have these united. And by the outweighing of private good over public ones, infighting and corruption within government is encouraged. Second, having a secret counsel is allowed in a monarchy as opposed to in a democracy or aristocracy. Third, a monarchy is more consistent: since the monarch is one person and humans are not perfectly consistent, the commonwealth changes only as human nature dictates. In a democracy and aristocracy, because more natural bodies compose the sovereign, the commonwealth is more subject to human inconsistency as well as the inconsistency that comes from a change in the makeup of the sovereign, which happens with each election cycle or new member of the aristocracy. Lastly, infighting or warring factions caused by envy, self-interest, or any other human imperfections cannot be seen in a monarchy. On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau views the government as an abomination because it interferes with the nature of man. His aim is to examine the foundations of inequality among men, and to determine whether this inequality is authorized by natural law. He attempts to demonstrate that modern moral inequality, which is created by an agreement between men, is unnatural and unrelated to the true nature of man and that it is necessary to consider human nature and to chart how that nature has evolved over the centuries to produce modern man and modern society. Like Hobbes, he describes man as just another animal, and this proves to be very important. The distinction between human and animal was used both to justify mans possession and use of the Earths resources, and to explain why humans apparently have certain unique capabilities, such as reason and language. He further expounds that man is like yet unlike other animals, due to the unique way he develops. And as time goes by, human faculties were being fully developed. To be and to appear became two different things. Man became subjugated by a multitude of new needs, especially by his need for other men. Man became a slave to men as one takes pleasure in domination and tries to be their master. However, this is only true for the rich. When the powerful claims a right to another persons goods, such as the right of property, the inequality can lead to a state of war. Therefore, the rich tried to persuade the weak, who were indeed easily convinced, to unite with them into a supreme power to institute rules of justice and peace. Men ran towards their chains in the belief that they were securing their freedom, while those who did know about the deceit thought that they could trade part of their freedom for security. Although his idea sounds wrong, it essentially represents a point at which the self-preservation and pity of savage man are perfectly balanced with the acute regard for oneself in relation to others of modern man. Some aspects of reason and communal life are good, but they are still potentially destructive. In criticizing civility and concern for others as negative features of society, Rousseau goes against the good manners and civility that are generally seen as restraining the savage features of man, as he feels that there is nothing to restrain in natural man, and civility only makes men compare themselves to one another. As for Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man, he justifies the principles of modern republican governments. He attacks the notion of monarchy and privilege and argues that each generation has the right to establish its own system of government. No nation can legally be ruled by a hereditary monarchy because government is for the living and not the dead. No generation has the right to establish a government binding on future generations. He argues that humankind can reach its full potential under republican governments which would allow individuals to live free of privilege and caste. To sum it all up, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Paine put forward an idea of how the government sprung from inequality and lack of a central world authority. For Hobbes, an absolute monarchial government ruled by one person only, is necessary to fulfill the society’s need for order and the regulation of its people so that society can avoid from spiraling into anarchy. As for Rousseau, a government having biases towards the rich while deceiving the poor was created so that the insecurities of the people would force them in order to perpetuate inequality which make them dependent on the government, giving it more power. Lastly, for Paine, a representative and democratic government is formed to protect the people’s rights to be protected and to safeguard them from the threat of chaos, allowing the people to create an environment where they can mature and achieve their potential. Despite the differences in some parts of their ideologies such as the sources of inequality and the roles of the government, a single goal is presented—that is, for the creation of a concept of government in order to prevent the society from turning back to its nature of anarchism. While Hobbes’ â€Å"one-man rule† could lead to abuse of power, his intention is for this monarchial type of government to administer order and self-preservation in the society. As for Rousseau, the maintenance of an inequality between social classes assures the stabilization of finite resources and society itself. Lastly, for Paine, his ideal world of a representative-democratic government lies on the belief that environmental influences create the individual and that a benevolent form of government can bring about human happiness. Putting them together, their main objective can be viewed as the organization and harmonization of society so as to push it towards progression. References: (n.d.). Rights of Man. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://www.enotes.com/rights-man salem/rights-man SparkNotes Editors. (n.d.). SparkNote on Discourse on Inequality. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/inequality/

Non Equillibrium Green’s Function Technique

Non Equillibrium Green’s Function Technique NON EQUILLIBRIUM GREEN’S FUNCTION TECHNIQUE USED FOR THE METAL-INSULATOR-METAL DIODES ANSHUMAN Electronics and Communication Dept. NIT Kurukshetra Abstract – In this paper theoretical analysis of NEGF method, including the transport equation and Poisson equation, is done followed by the derivation of an analytical model using NEGF tunnelling probability through any number of insulating layers. Numerical NEGF simulator are shown matching with the AF-TMM simulator results. INTRODUCTION THE STUDY OF tunnelling phenomena in Metal Insulator Metal (MIM) is an important topic for the aim of the development of rectennas for energy harvesting and infrared detectors applications. Although the interest in Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) diodes dates back to 1950s [1]–[4], but they attracted the attention again in the last few years due to its applications, energy harvesting [5]–[8] and infrared/terahertz detectors [9]–[11]. Earlier, various analytical expressions for the tunnelling transmission probability through MIM diodes were developed based on WKB approximation [2]–[4]. However, the WKB does not take into consideration the wave function reflections at the interface between different layers [14]. Therefore, there came the need for other models to simulate the tunnelling probability. Non Equilibrium Green Function (NEGF) [12] numerical method is one of the methods used to calculate the tunnelling transmission probability [15]–[18]. It is an accurate numerical method, but it needs long time of calculations on a PC in comparison to other analytical models. Any program used for the simulation of a device performs a solution of transport equation and â€Å"Poisson† equation [19].The transport equation gives the electron density, n(r) and the current, I for a known potential profile U(r), while Poisson equation gives the effective U(r), felt by an electron due to the presence of other electron in its vicinity. Here, in this paper the Quantum transport, Green’s functions and its various equations under non equilibrium condition are discussed and a detailed quantum mechanical modeling of the tunnelling current through MIM diodes is presented. An analytical expression for the tunnelling transmission probability is presented using the NEGF equations for any number of insulator layers between the two metals. Fig.1. Transport of electrons for single energy level device The paper is organized as follows: in Section II, the transport equations are discussed. In section III NEGF equations for MIM Diode is described in detail. The governing equations and numerical implementation of it is outlined. The material parameters used in the simulation are also summarized. GENERAL TRANSPORT EQUATION Let’s consider the model for a single device sandwiched between two metals 1and 2ION THE METAL-INSULATOR.ce of other electron in its vicinity.port and 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111, as shown in fig. 1.The device is assumed to be having a single energy level, Ô . Our first aim is to find the number of electrons, N in the device. Let Ef be the Fermi level set by the work function of the two metal contacts under the equilibrium condition. On applying the bias voltage, Vb between metal 1 and 2, the Fermi- energies of two metals gets modified to  µ1 and  µ2 respectively and given as [19]: (1) This difference in Fermi-energy gives rise to a non-equilibrium condition and hence two different Fermi-functions for the two contacts. If device is in equilibrium with metal 1, then number of electrons will be f ­1 but if it is in equilibrium with metal 2, number of electrons will be f ­2, where (2) Let and be the rate of escape of electron from device into metal 1 and metal 2 respectively. Therefore the currents I1 and I2 crossing metal1 and 2 interfaces are given as[20]: And (3) For I1 = I2 = I, we get steady-state number of electrons N and current I as: (4a) (4b) Due to the applied bias voltage one of the reservoir keeps pumping the electron trying to increase the number while the other keeps emptying it trying to lower the number. Ultimately, there is a continuous flow of current, I (eq. 4b) in the external circuit. Assuming à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡1 > à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬ > ÃŽ ¼2 and the temperature is low enough that f1 (ÃŽ µ) ≠¡ f0 (ÃŽ µ − ÃŽ ¼1) ≈ 1 and f2 (ÃŽ µ) ≠¡ f0 (ÃŽ µ − ÃŽ ¼2) ≈ 0, the Eq. 4b simplifies to [21]: If = (5) Eq.5 suggests that we can flow an unlimited current through this one level device if we increase, i.e. by coupling the device more and strongly to the metal contacts. But the maximum conductance of a one-level device is equal to [20], so there must be some reduction factor. This reduction is due to the broadening of the discrete level that occurs because of increased coupling of the device with the two metals. This broadened discrete level can be described by the distribution: With line-width of ÃŽ ³ and shift of level from ÃŽ µ to ÃŽ µ+à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  , where. This broadening phenomena modifies the Eqs. (4a, b) to include an integral over all energies weighted by the distribution D(E) [13]: (6a) (6b) Using algebraic manipulation Eqs. (6a, b) becomes: (7a) (7b) Where (8) (9) Till now we have discussed device with single energy level ÃŽ µ. But in practical situation (i.e. for real devices) there exist multiple energy levels. Any device, in general, can be represented by a Hamiltonian matrix, whose eigenvalues tells about the allowed energy levels. For example if we describe the device using an effective mass Hamiltonian H = then it can be represented with a (NxN) matrix by choosing a discrete lattice with N point and applying methods of finite-differences [13]. This corresponds to using a discretized real space basis. Similarly, we define self-energy matrices [∑ ­1,2] which describe the broadening and shift of energy levels due to coupling with the two metals. The required NEGF equations now can be obtained from Eqs(7a, b) by replacing scalar quantities ÃŽ µ and ÏÆ' ­1,2 with the corresponding matrices [H] and [∑ ­1,2], and is given as: , (10) , (11) The number of electrons N, in the device is replaced with the density matrix, given by: {} (12) Current is still represented by Eq. (7b). The transmission can be given as the trace of the analogous matrix quantity: (13) TRANSMISSION EQUATION FOR MIM DIODE USING NEGF EQUATIONS The 1D time-independent single-particle Schrà ¶dinger equation is given by [13]: Where, is the reduced Plank constant, ψ(x) is the electron wave-function, m is the effective mass and U(x) is the potential energy. If it is assumed that the insulator layers are divided into M grid points having uniform spacing, a, then finite difference discretization on the 1D grid is applied to Schrà ¶dinger equation Eq. (1) at each node i as follows [14]: (2) Where, represents the interaction between the nearest neighbour grid points i and i+1, Ui ≠¡ U (xi), and mi is the electron effective mass between the nodes i and i + 1. The coupling of the potential barrier to the left and right metal electrodes is taken into consideration by rewriting Eq. (1) for i =1 and i = M with open boundary conditions expressed at Metal1/Insulator and Insulator/Metal2 interfaces. So, Schrà ¶dinger equation now takes the following form [13]: (3) Where, H is the M Ãâ€" M Hamiltonian matrix of the insulator potential, I is the M Ãâ€" M identity matrix, ψ is the wavefunction M Ãâ€" 1 vector and S is M Ãâ€" 1 vector. ∑L and ∑R are the M Ãâ€" M self-energies of the left and right contacts respectively. Fig. 1. Potential of a stack of N insulator materials under applied bias voltage, Vb. Each insulator layer is characterized by a barrier height (Uj), a thickness (d j), a dielectric constant ÃŽ µ j, and an effective mass (m j). Now, under a tri-diagonal form H can be rewritten as: ∑L and ∑R are given as: The solution of Eq. (1) can be given in the terms of retarded Green’s function as where is MÃâ€"M retarded Green’s function [13]: The rate of escape of electron to either left or right metal from a given state can be taken into consideration by defining two quantities, ΓL and ΓR [14]. Hence, the tunnelling probability can now be computed as [14]: COMPARISION OF NEGF MODEL WITH OTHER MODELS A model of MIIM diode was simulated using NEGF, AF-TMM and WKB Approximation for a comparative analysis of their transmission probability vs. electron transmission energy curve. The parameter spacing, a, for the NEGF calculation was assumed equal to the hundredth of the insulator layer thickness. This was found adequate for reasonable simulation time. The effective mass was assumed equal to the free mass of the electron throughout the MIM structure. Fig.3 below shows theof the simulated MIIM of Nb/Nb2O5 (2nm)-Ta2O5 (1nm)/Nb at 0.1V of bias voltage. A complete matching between AF-TMM and NEGF results is observed. Fig.3. Transmission probability T (Ex) versus the electron transmission energy calculated using AF-TMM, NEGF, and WKB at Vb = 0.1 V for Nb/Nb2O5/Ta2O5/ Nb MIIM diode. Fig.4. Energy band diagram of the MIIM diode used for simulation REFERENCES J. G. Simmons, â€Å"Electric tunnel effect between dissimilar electrodes separated by a thin insulating film,† J. Appl. Phys., vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 2581–2590, Mar. 1963. J. G. Simmons, â€Å"Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by a thin insulating film,† J. Appl. Phys., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1793–1803, 1963. R. Stratton, â€Å"Volt-current characteristics for tunneling through insulating films,† J. Phys. Chem. Solids, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1177–1190, Sep. 1962. J. G. Simmons, â€Å"Potential barriers and emission-limited current flow between closely spaced parallel metal electrodes,† J. Appl. Phys., vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 2472–2481, Aug. 1964. S. Grover and G. Moddel, â€Å"Applicability of metal/insulator/metal (MIM) diodes to solar rectennas,† IEEE J. Photovoltaic, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 78–83, Jul. 2011. K. Choi, M. Dagenais, F. Yesilkoy, A. N. Chryssis, and M. C. Peckerar, â€Å"Solar spectrum rectification using Nano-antenna and tunneling diodes,† Proc. SPIE, vol. 7605, pp. 1–12, Feb. 2010. M. R. Osgood, B. R. Kimball, and J. Carlson, â€Å"Nanoantenna-coupled MIM nanodiodes for efficient vis/nir energy conversion,† Proc. SPIE, vol. 6652, no. 1, pp. 1–11, Sep. 2007. R. Osgood, J. B. Carlson, B. R. Kimball, D. P. Ziegler, J. R. Welch, L. E. Belton, G. E. Fernandes, Z. Liu, and J. Xu â€Å"Plasmonic nanorectennas for energy conversion,† Proc. SPIE, vol. 7394, pp. 1–11, Aug. 2009. J. A. Bean, A. Weeks, and G. D. Boreman, â€Å"Performance optimization of antenna-coupled tunnel diode infrared detectors,† IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 126–135, Jan. 2011. B. Tiwari, J. A. Bean, G. Szakmany, G. H. Bernstein, P. Fay, and W. Porod, â€Å"Controlled etching and regrowth of tunnel oxide for antenna coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes,† J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. B, Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. , vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2153–2160, 2009. J. A. Bean, B. Tiwari, G. H. Bernstein, P. Fay, and W. Porod, â€Å"Thermal infrared detection using dipole antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes,† J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. B, Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. , vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 11–14, 2009. Arun Goud Akkala, †NEGF Simulation of electron transport in resonant inteband tunneling diodes†, Purdue University, pp. 8-18, 2011. Supriyo Dutta, â€Å"Nanoscale device modeling: the Green’s function method,† Superlattices and Microstructures, vol. 28, no. 4, pp.253-272, 2000. Islam E. Hashem, Nadia H. Rafat and Ezzaldin A. Soliman, â€Å"Theoretical study of metal-insulator-metal tunneling diode figure of merit,† IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 72-80, January 2013 M. Moreau, D. Munteanu, and J.-L. Autran, â€Å"Simulation of gate tunneling current in metal–insulator–metal capacitor with multilayer high-ÃŽ º dielectric stack using the non-equilibrium green’s function formalism,† Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 111409-1–111409-8, Nov. 2009. D. Munteanu, J. L. Autran, M. Moreau, and M. Houssa, â€Å"Electron transport through high-ÃŽ º dielectric barriers: A non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) study,† J. Non-Crystall. Sol., vol. 355, no. 21, pp. 1180–1184, Jul. 2009. S. Grover and G. Moddel, â€Å"Engineering the current-voltage characteristics of metal-insulator-metal diodes using double-insulator tunnel barriers,† Solid-State Electron., vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 94–99, Jan. 2012. A. K. Ghatak, K. Thyagarajan, and M. R. Shenoy, â€Å"A novel numerical technique for solving the one-dimensional Schrà ¶dinger equation using matrix approach-application to quantum well structures,† IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1524–1531, Aug. 1988. Supriyo Dutta, â€Å"The Non-equilibrium green’s function (NEGF) formalism: An elementary introduction,† IEEE IEDM, pp. 703-706, 2002. Supriyo Dutta, Quantum transport: atom to transistor, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp.1-30 SYMBOLS

Essay examples --

Sarimary Gonzalez Mrs. Schewartz History 1301 - 5L33 February 24, 2014 Author Scott Liell asserts in 46 Pages that no other actions, publications, speeches, resolutions or acts of Continental Congress, or social or political movements had as much impact as Common Sense upon the colonials in helping them to view themselves as Americans rather than Englishmen. Thomas Paine’s life experiences, successes and failures, up until Jan. 10, 1776, including his childhood and familial experiences through adulthood were quite an eye opener. Paine was born in England in 1737. His dad was a Quaker and his mom was Angelic. Some of his successes were that he was one of the few who went to school and learned how to read and write. This was good news to his family beacuse they expected do much from him. Paine later on failed out of school and started to work with first with his dad than later as excise officer. In the year of 1756, he left to join the crew of pivateers during the war against the French. While he was aboard the ship who was named "Terrible" lost in battle were only 17 men survived. Paine being one of the because his father had sailed out to get him. "Even so, the lure of the sea was not easily put off, especially for an imaginative, ambitious young man whose prospects in life were otherwise quite limited" (32, Liell). Paine never g ave up and left for the second time, but this time recieved some money. Eventually Paine left and he now set up a shop, thereafter married September 1759 to Mary Lambert. Unfortunatly a year later she died as well as his child who she was carrying. "....misfortune seems to have set young Paine back on his heels" (33, Liell). Paine left his shop and contined his unknown journey. This is later when he b... ...re people to be politically informed and politically astute, not to the confused with being merely politically opinionated. The coffee houses and taverns of our Revolutionary and Founding eras required that people do their homework before they spoke, argued, debated, and discoursed publically, otherwise, do to their ignorance, they would be shamed into silence. As Watter’s World interviews and Jay Leno’s street interviews sadly prove, contemporary communication is much more â€Å"me† oriented, self-centered, and superficial and many Americans are by choice vastly ignorant of our nation’s history, documents, and governance. We convince people to become as intelligently educated about our government, politics, and history as those in Revolutionary Era, the Founding Era, and for many eras that followed by teaching them and discussing what previous events have happened.

Hands: Paranoia :: essays research papers fc

Hands: Paranoia It seems that in all three of these works there is a sense of paranoia. In "Hands" a man is fearful of what might happen if he continues to do as he has done in the past, touch people. A terrible fear of what a small touch could lead to. In the story "Eveline" a young woman is confused about what to do with her life. Whether to go with a man she thinks she loves or stay with her father. In the poem "Summer Solstice, New York City" This man is made crazy and paranoid because of something. That something has driven this man to the point of casting his body over the edge of a building. Straight from the text of Hands, a story about a man and his paranoia of his own hands. An example of Wing Biddlebaums fear. "Wing Biddlebaum forever frightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts."(p. 882) Adolf Myers, or Wing, as the town people called him, was a dreamer, he wanted others to dream with him and experience what he did. "Adolf Myers walked into the evening or had sat talking until dusk upon the school steps lost in a dream."(p. 884) "In a way the voice and hands, the stroking of shoulders and the touching of hair were a part of the school Master's effort to carry a dream into the young minds."(p. 884) This is a man that was run out of a town for something that was not a bad thing. Nor was this something intended the wrong way. Mr. Myers did touch only to pass on something great, a dream. Mr. Myers was run from a town. "They intended to hang the school master."(p. 885) "As he ran away in the darkness they repented their weakness and ran after him."(p. 885) Mr. Myers was so paranoid about touching someone he would do anything to keep his hands from doing so. "When he talked to George Willard, Wing Biddlebaum closed his fist and beat with them upon a table or on the walls of his house."(p. 882) Once Wing did let that one thing that he tried so hard not to do happen. He touched someone, when he realized it I feel that the paranoia set in. "For once he forgot his hands. Slowly they stole their way upon George Willard's shoulders."(p. 883) "With a conclusive move of his body Wing sprang to his feet and thrust his hands deep in his pockets." "Tears came to his eyes." "I must be getting home, I can Hands: Paranoia :: essays research papers fc Hands: Paranoia It seems that in all three of these works there is a sense of paranoia. In "Hands" a man is fearful of what might happen if he continues to do as he has done in the past, touch people. A terrible fear of what a small touch could lead to. In the story "Eveline" a young woman is confused about what to do with her life. Whether to go with a man she thinks she loves or stay with her father. In the poem "Summer Solstice, New York City" This man is made crazy and paranoid because of something. That something has driven this man to the point of casting his body over the edge of a building. Straight from the text of Hands, a story about a man and his paranoia of his own hands. An example of Wing Biddlebaums fear. "Wing Biddlebaum forever frightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts."(p. 882) Adolf Myers, or Wing, as the town people called him, was a dreamer, he wanted others to dream with him and experience what he did. "Adolf Myers walked into the evening or had sat talking until dusk upon the school steps lost in a dream."(p. 884) "In a way the voice and hands, the stroking of shoulders and the touching of hair were a part of the school Master's effort to carry a dream into the young minds."(p. 884) This is a man that was run out of a town for something that was not a bad thing. Nor was this something intended the wrong way. Mr. Myers did touch only to pass on something great, a dream. Mr. Myers was run from a town. "They intended to hang the school master."(p. 885) "As he ran away in the darkness they repented their weakness and ran after him."(p. 885) Mr. Myers was so paranoid about touching someone he would do anything to keep his hands from doing so. "When he talked to George Willard, Wing Biddlebaum closed his fist and beat with them upon a table or on the walls of his house."(p. 882) Once Wing did let that one thing that he tried so hard not to do happen. He touched someone, when he realized it I feel that the paranoia set in. "For once he forgot his hands. Slowly they stole their way upon George Willard's shoulders."(p. 883) "With a conclusive move of his body Wing sprang to his feet and thrust his hands deep in his pockets." "Tears came to his eyes." "I must be getting home, I can

Becoming a Citizen of Trinidad and Tobago

CONTENTS Definition of Personality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 How a person becomes a citizen in Trinidad and Tobago†¦.. 3 Roles of a Citizen †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Qualities of an outstanding citizen †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Pictures of Document †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY: According to the American Psychological Association, personality refers to the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. These patterns can be observed amongst all living organisms within the universe. Personality is the essential character of a person and is that aspect of every human being that impresses others. HOW A PERSON BECOMES A CITIZEN OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: This is the complete legal process of becoming a Trinidad and Tobago citizen- 1. A person must apply to be a citizen at through the ministry of national security. 2. You must fulfill these criteria: * The spouse of a resident or citizen of Trinidad and Tobago. * The parent or grandparent of a resident or citizen of Trinidad and Tobago who resides in the country and is willing and able to provide care and maintenance for you. * Working in Trinidad and Tobago under a Work Permit for five or more continuous years at the time of application. However, a former resident or citizen of Trinidad and Tobago who wishes to obtain residency again would have to: * Obtain a Police Certificate of Character from all countries of residence within the last five years and from Trinidad and Tobago. Please follow the link below for information on obtaining a Police Certificate of Character from Trinidad and Tobago. Certificates must not be dated more than six months before the date of application. * Have legally entered the country if you are currently living in Trinidad and Tobago. Not be in a prohibited class as outlined in Section 8(1) of Immigration Act. The Immigration Act can be viewed in its entirety on the Ministry of National Security's Immigration Division website. 3. You must obtain and complete two copies of a â€Å"P&I 6 Form† from one of the offices below, or from any Trinidad and Tobago overseas mission. These are available at: 1. Citizenship and Immigration Section Temple Court 31-33 Abercromby Street, Ground Floor Port of Spain Trinidad, West Indies Phone: (868) 623-2441-5 Fax: (868) 625-9405 E-Mail:  [email  protected] ov. tt 2. Immigration Office Port Authority Building Milford Road Scarborough Tobago, West Indies Tel: (868) 639-2681 Fax: (868) 639-1868 3. Both copies of the application form should be completed in accordance with the included instructions and returned in person, together with all required documentation. REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION: * Four identical passport-sized photos taken within the last six months. * Birth Certificate and supporting Affidavit, if necessary (original and one copy). * Marriage Certificate, if applicable (original and one copy). Police Certificate of Character from previous counties of residence within the last five years and from Trinidad and Tobago, dated not more than six months from the date of application. * Work Permits issued in the name of the applicant for five years (original and one copy). * Job Letter or, if self-employed, evidence of registrat ion of Company and letter indicating nature of employment and income. * Financial statements reflecting any investment accounts, bank accounts or credit union accounts dated not more than two weeks before date of application. Tax Clearance Certificate â€Å"B† or â€Å"C†, which can be obtained at the Inland Revenue Department, Trinidad House, St. Vincent Street, Port of Spain. * Photocopies of each utilised page of a valid foreign Passport. The required documentation may vary according to the reason for applying for residency in Trinidad and Tobago. 4. The following fees are payable upon approval of an application for Resident Status: * Nationals of Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries pay TT$400. 00. Nationals of non-CARICOM countries pay TT$1000. 00. Payment must be made in cash or by certified cheque at: Cashier's Unit Ground Floor, Ministry of National Security 31-33 Abercromby Street, Port of Spain Trinidad, West Indies The Cashier's Unit is open Monday throug h Friday from 8:00 am to 2:30 pm, except public holidays. If application was made at an Overseas Mission you are required to enter Trinidad and Tobago once your Resident Status is approved to pay your fees and to collect your Certificate of Resident Status. AFTER APPLICATION: All applications are placed in a queue in the order in which they are received. Staff from the Citizenship and Immigration Section will review each application and, if necessary, request omitted information. Once an application is deemed to be complete, the Ministry will send written notification to the applicant of the date and time he or she has been scheduled for an interview. During the interview, an Immigration Officer will determine if the applicant qualifies for Resident Status. After the interview, the Ministry will send the applicant written notification of the final decision regarding his or her application for Resident Status. The period of time from when you apply to final decision may vary from one to four years. ROLES OF A CITIZEN: As a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago many roles must be played. There are rights and responsibilities that are required in order to fulfill the position of a legal Trinidad and Tobago resident. The rights, roles and responsibilities of a citizen are available in the Trinidad and Tobago constitution. These rights are: the right of the individual to life, liberty, security of the person and enjoyment of property And the right not to be deprived thereof except by due process of law; * the right of the individual to equality before the law and the protection of the law; * the right of the individual to respect for his private and family life; * the right of the individual to equality of treatment from any public authority in the exercise of any functions; * the right to join political parties and to express political views; * the right of a parent or guardian to provide a school of his own choice for the education of his child or ward; * freedom of movement; * freedom of conscience and religious belief and observance; * freedom of thought and expression; * freedom of association and assembly; and * Freedom of the press. QUALITIES OF AN OUTSTANDING CITIZEN: An outstanding citizen must display characteristics that have a positive and significant impact on the country. Becoming a good citizen in take obeying the law, voting, paying attention to government and politics, donating money to help others, volunteering to help others and helping with problems and issues within society. Excelling at these and other duties amongst society creates the perfect example of what an outstanding model citizen can be. Being an outstanding citizen comes with great results. Awards and privileges are given with the act of outstanding citizenry and a rich and prosperous lifestyle awaits the achiever.

Eminent Domain When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His Consent?

Melanie Carter Political Science 2212 State & Local Government W01 Spring 2013 Eminent Domain When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His Consent? One of the more controversial Government actions is its ability to exercise the power of eminent domain to take control of property that belongs to an individual or private entity against their will. â€Å"Eminent domain, broadly understood, is the power of the state to seize private property without the owner's consent† (WordNet).This paper will examine the elements of eminent domain and what protections are in place for citizens that may be effected by it, identify types of transactions that are typically involved and accepted in eminent domain cases and discuss what the citizens should expect to receive as compensation even though they have lost the property due to some of the broad definitions of the elements. Any time the government is taking the property of an individual, without his consent, it is a con troversial matter.Many politicians and citizens agree that it was necessary to establish a method of acquiring property for the needs of the common good of the community even when there is a lone hold out property owner. It has been held that the power of eminent domain can only be exercised after meeting the protection standards established under the Fifth Amendment of The United States Constitution. We have been conditioned through the media that the Fifth Amendment protects us against self-incrimination â€Å"I plead the fifth†.Self-Incrimination is an important aspect but most people don’t realize that the Fifth Amendment has a â€Å"taking clause† designed to protect the property owners. â€Å"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor sh all any person be subject for he same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation (United States Constitution Fifth Amendment). The Amendment initially only applied at a federal level until passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in which due process and equal protection were made applicable to the states.Taken at face value, the Fifth Amendment taking clause can be broken down into four basic elements: Nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) public use without (4) just compensation The first is private property, it is self-explanatory and the definition is fairly narrow today although its prior applications were more expansive for example one of the biggest issues with emancipation of slaves was the one time belief that they were seen as pr operty and not as individuals and this status protected the property owner.It was this view that brought about the Emancipation Proclamation and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Private property is defined as: Private property N-land or belongings owned by a person or group and kept for their exclusive use (Dictionary. com) The next element is the taking of the property. The property my be taken from the owner without their consent in order to make an improvement of some sort that will have a beneficial result for the community.It’s important also to note that property owner is not only in jeopardy of losing their property to the government but that it may lose to a private developer for the purpose of an improvement that might add value to the city for example in the form of taxes. In the case of eminent domain the property is taken without the consent of the owner of the property. If the owner were to consent or agree to a payment then it is simply a transaction and emi nent domain is no longer applicable.The third element is the requirement that the property is taken for public use and because of the definition applied for public use it is the most controversial. While the party who is surrendering his property under eminent domain will almost always be upset or offended, the remainder of the citizens will typically may not take issue with the process as long as they see the benefit for themselves and their communities. Improved infrastructure such as road building, bridge building, water shed protection and education are examples of these takings that are agreeable with most of the people.The broad definition of â€Å"Public Use† in Eminent domain cases as applied today: Public use n. the only purpose for which private property can be taken (condemned) by the government under its power of eminent domain. Public use includes: schools, streets, highways, hospitals, government buildings, parks, water reservoirs, flood control, slum clearance and redevelopment, public housing, public theaters and stadiums, safety facilities, harbors, bridges, railroads, airports, terminals, prisons, jails, public utilities, canals, and numerous other purposes designated as beneficial to the public (Hill & Hill).This broad definition was reviewed and established primarily based on two US Supreme Court cases. The first is a 1954 decision in the case of Berman v. Parker (Law. Cornell. Edu) and it was found that public use has a much more broad reach than simply building a roadway. In Berman, the case dealt with the District of Columbia Re-Development Act of 1945 and found it to be constitutional for the administrative agency to take the appellant’s building from him. The appellant owned property and used it for commercial purposes, to use urban slang, he was a â€Å"slum lord† and the agency wanted to re-develop the area.The Supreme Court agreed that it was reasonable to â€Å"eliminate and prevent slum and substandard housin g conditions—even though such property may be sold or leased to other private interests subject to conditions designed to accomplish these purposes† (Law. Cornell. Edu). After upholding the Re-Development Act, the definition of â€Å"public use† was expanded to cover the aforementioned â€Å"beneficial to the public†. Essentially the Supreme Court said that the requirements of the Fifth Amendment are fulfilled when the owner of the property receives his just compensation for the taken property.Berman remained the standard for 50 years, but it was not the final say of the US Supreme Court when it comes to defining â€Å"Public Use†. The next case would further expand on the public portion of the definition in 2004 with the case of Kelo v. The City of New London. In this case, the Supreme Court expanded on the earlier Berman decision. The City of New London had established a development plan that â€Å"projected to create in excess of 1,000 jobs, whi ch would increase tax and other revenues and would also revitalize an economically distressed city including its downtown and waterfront areas†Ã‚  (Minier, 2005).After buying most of the property necessary for the development there were a few â€Å"hold out† landowners who refused to sell their property. The city wanted to use the power of eminent domain to take possession of the properties that belonged the holdout owners. The Supreme Court set precedent when it found for the City of New London and refused to overturn the ruling of the Supreme Court of Connecticut allowing for property to be transferred to a private owner for the use of economic development, which would benefit the community and therefore could be defined as public use.This broadened the public use definition and has created a lot of controversy because it allows a for-profit, private entity to become the new owner of the taken property as long as it can be shown that the public will benefit. The use o f eminent domain for this purpose will often result in public outcry and protest because the citizens don’t agree with the encroachment by private entities much less the government. As an example, what if Ford Motor Company approached the City of Kennesaw about building a new manufacturing plant for its popular F-150 pick-up line.They are planning on creating 2,500 new jobs with the factory as well as relocating another 250 current employees to the area. Ford has acquired all the necessary parcels of land except for one house on one and a half acres that the owner refused to sell despite offers from the company to pay for the property and relocate the owner. The new plant would increase the tax base for the city and would bring people into the area into new homes (creating more business with construction) or into currently vacant homes.Under the broadened definition of â€Å"public use† the property could be taken by the city as long as just compensation is paid to the owner, and the city could then sell the property to Ford Motor Company to complete the project. The Final element of eminent domain is â€Å"just compensation for the property which has been taken† (Smith, Greenblatt & Mariani, 2011). The receipt by the property owner of this â€Å"just compensation† is what closes out the requirements under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.While the Berman ruling was significant towards defining public use, the Supreme Court felt it was important to speak of just compensation in its findings on the case. Just compensation is very subjective because usually the â€Å"hold out† property owner has established a value for his property that is not agreeable to the purchaser of the property; or in some cases the property has a â€Å"greater than cash† value to the property owner who is just determined not to sell it or have it taken away from him.Initially the government will initiate the process of acquiring the prope rty that they need to complete their project just as if they are attempting to purchase it as an independent buyer would. If there is a meeting of the minds and an agreement is reached the purchase is a simple procedure. The challenge comes in when the current owner and the government do not come to an agreement; it is at this point that the process of eminent domain will begin with the formal filing of a lawsuit by the government to take the property.It is also important to note each state has it’s own laws in regards to eminent domain; for example, in one state the government may be required to pay any legal fees assessed in the case. As discussed earlier, if the parties were to come to terms on a purchase then eminent domain would not be applicable. The owner has the right to just compensation which is compensation for property taken under eminent domain that places a property owner in the same position as before the property is taken see also eminent domain.NOTE: Just com pensation is usually the fair market value of the property taken. Since the definition of public use has been broadened it the significance of just compensation increases because it is the greater judicial measure of having met the requirements of the Fifth Amendment. Further, â€Å"The owner of property is entitled to be put in as good a position pecunuarily as if his property had not been taken†. Fair Market Value as applied within just compensation is also subjective and controversial.FMV (Fair Market Value) will consider current improvements to the property but it does not take into account sentimental value, historical significance, or future increase in value of the property. When addressing the just compensation issue the government usually has the advantage because if they have already decided to exercise the Power of Eminent domain then negotiations have usually ended and with the public use issue settled the property owner can only take the issue to court and hope f or a favorable decision and award through arbitration or the court process.While just compensation covers the property at fair market value it does not cover attorney’s fees related to the disputed acquisition of the property. The challenge here is that the family that has been displaced may find little satisfaction in being justly compensated (in the eyes of the government) for having their lives in an upheaval; their lives may be wrapped up in the community in which they have been rooted and eminent domain could cause an unjust hardship outside of the monetary issue. This is one of the examples that make eminent domain one of the most unpopular acts.The Power of Eminent domain plays an important role in our communities. Although the Fifth Amendment was designed to afford protection to the property owners that protection has been diluted through a series of court rulings that have broadened definitions and allow Eminent domain to work in the governments favor. Essentially th e government will prevail if it meets the four elements of the Fifth Amendment’s takings clause nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) public use without (4) just compensation.When deciding the next course of action the property owner should be aware these elements and also should consider the worthiness of the challenge. Currently the Atlanta Falcons, a private sports franchise, are looking for a new stadium that will be built and operated in a joint venture with the City of Atlanta through a government appointed agency, The Georgia World Congress Center Authority and just compensation will play heavily in the activities of property acquisition.There are two churches in the way of the proposed new stadium site, one of which wants to improve its standing and position and the other has age and historical significance. Friendship Baptist Church has historical significance in that it was started by slaves more than 150 years ago and is the â€Å"oldest black Baptis t church in the city of Atlanta† and many important events/institutions began at this church including the fact that Spelman College was founded in the basement of the church and Morehouse College held classes there (Proctor, 2013).At this point, Lloyd Hawk who is the Chair of the Board of Trustees for the church says that they want the significance of the church to continue to be at the forefront and they want some of the significance of the church, such as the Bell Tower, to remain but they are waiting to see what kind of offer they are going to be made. The other church, Mount Vernon Baptist, has conceded that they would sell and have stated that they want to do what is best for both the community and the church.There will be other property owners who choose to hold out trying to get the â€Å"best deal†. This matter will be a good, relevant case study in eminent domain because it will involve all aspects of the disputed issues including public money, public use, inc reased economic impact, and private corporate involvement. The bottom line is that in the case of eminent domain there is no clear winner and there may be a clear loser. In some cases it may be a good thing for all parties involved; perhaps the property owner has no ties to the property and is ready to get out.Taking payment for the property may be a way that they can walk away cleanly. But, the government, in my eyes will never be the loser because they will always get what they want. The homeowner may not want to surrender the property for any amount of money based on sentiment or any number of other reasons and being forced out of their gamily home is stressful. Or, the homeowner may feel that the financial (just compensation) falls short of their expectations or they may simply be greedy and want too much.In either scenario the homeowner is clearly the loser if they lose their home under circumstance that they feel are less than ideal if the power of eminent domain prevails. Bib liography Hill, G. , & Hill, K. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/public use Minier, D. (2005). Kelo v. city of new london. Retrieved from http://www. casebriefs. com/blog/law/property/property-law-keyed-to-dukeminier/eminent-domain-and-the-problem-of-regulatory-takings/kelo-v-city-of-new-london/ Miriam Webster. N. p. : n. p. , n. d.Http://dictionary. findlaw. com/definition/just-compensation. html. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. . (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0348_0026_ZS. html private property. (n. d. ). WordNet ® 3. 0. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from Dictionary. com website:  http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/private property private property. (n. d. ). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from Dictionary. com website:http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/private propertyProctor, A. (2013, March 22). Historic atlanta church si ts on proposed site of new falcons stadium. Fox 5 News. Retrieved from Historic Atlanta church sits on proposed site of new Falcons stadium SCEG. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. columbia. edu/cu/cssn/expansion/ Smenkowski, B. P. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/206470/Fifth-Amendment/296512/Takings In text (Smenkowski) Smith, K. B. , Greenblatt, A. , & Mariani, M. (2011). Governing states and localities. (3 ed. , p. 439). Washington, D. C. : Cq Staff Directories.